Wainer, Kit Adam. “Chouki El Hamel, Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam; Mohammed Ennaji, Slavery, the State, and Islam; Elisabeth McMahon, Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability”. World History Connected 11, no. 3 (October 15, 2014). Accessed April 20, 2025. https://journals.gmu.edu/whc/article/view/4501.