The Classical World: An Annotated World History Digital Resource Guide to Research and Classroom Approaches

John Maunu

Introduction

     At one time, much of the discussion in the West of the "Classical World" was centered on Greece and Rome between 600 BCE and 600 CE. Often, not only were the non-Western "Classical" civilizations excluded from discussion, but the vital contributions those civilizations made to Greco-Roman civilization were ignored, despite the long-established process of "Southernization," or the manner in which Middle Eastern, north African, and Asian cultural, technological, political and economic advancements were passed to the Greek and Roman via trade routes into the Mediterranean (See Lynda Shaffer, "Southernization,"  Journal of World History, Vol. 5, no. 1 (Spring, 1994), 1-21, or visit https://www.rcsdk12.org/cms/lib04/NY01001156/Centricity/Domain/5737/Southernization%20%20by%20Lynda%20Shaffer.pdf).

     Today, only die-hard Eurocentric historians cloud the use of the global reach of the term "Classical World."  It is now generally accepted that "classical" can be taken to mean a period or style that set an 'exemplary standard' or marking the establishment of "traditional and long-established in form." As such, Classicism is recognized in other parts of the World approximately between 900 BCE and 550 CE (800 CE to 1300 CE in Southeast Asia), and is used in supporting a chronology or periodization allowing comparative analysis of classical Western and non-Western societies such as those of Persia, Parthia, the Han, Mauryas, the Guptas, the Sogdians, the Kushans, Pagan, Angkor, Sukhothai, Dai Viet, Srivijaya, and Majapahit.

     The following digital database is designed to support world historical research and classroom approaches to this revised view of the Classical World, The database is divided into sections as follows: websites/lessons, Historiography, the Middle Eastern Classical World,  the Asian and particularly South Asian Classical World, the Greek World, the Roman World, and the topics of Gender, Race and Ethnicity, Collapse of Classical empires, Journals, Classical World influence on future civilizations, Travel Writing and Early Silent Film on the Classical World.

Classical World websites, lessons

http://www.attalus.org/
Attalus:  sources for Greek & Roman history, 323-30 BCE. Website with 30,000 links to authors of Greek Latin studies on the web.

http://vos.ucsb.edu/browse.asp?id=2708
VoS is a Classical Studies website, Voice of the Shuttle, developed by Alan Liu, English Department, University of California, Santa Barbara. See large index for General Classical Resources, Language Resources, History and Culture, Literature, Philosophy, Journals, Syllabi, Classic Departments, Programs and Associations.

http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/tps/300ce_cn.htm
A 300-600 CE, Asia for Educators website offers a "Timeline of Asia in World History." See resources for China, SE Asia, Korea, Japan and South Asia in the Classical era.  Asia for Educators offers primary sources for China from 1000 BCE-300 CE and 300-600 CE. plus tabs for Southeast E Asia, Korea, Japan and South Asia in the following entry.

http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/ps/ps_china.htm#tp3
"Primary Sources with...Questions, China," Asia for Educators, Columbia University. 

https://classicalstudies.org/
Society for Classical Studies website, founded in 1869 as the American Philological Association. See Classical Era monographs and articles.

http://www.mediterraneansharedpast.org/home
Home-Our Shared Past in the Mediterranean:  Teaching Modules, Ali Vural Ak Center for Global Islamic Studies with a grant in the "Our Shared Past" initiative from the British Council and the Social Science Research Council. A team of distinguished Mediterranean historians from the U.S., Europe, Turkey, and North Africa. See teaching modules and world history curriculum for educators. Lesson Modules 2 and 3 included classical antiquity.

http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, Classics Department of Princeton University and the Classics Department of Stanford University, 2005-2013. See 'tab' "The Papers" on left side of this page to read full pdf papers on classical world history.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ancient-political/
Melissa Lane, "Ancient Political Philosophy," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, first published September 6, 2010, substantive revision December 7, 2018. Greek and Roman political thought with extensive bibliography with additional websites noted at the end of this article; Perseus Project of Greek-Roman texts, Seneca's works in Latin Library at Ad Fontes Academy, and International Plato Society.

https://theancientweb.com/explore/europe/greece
"Greece," The Ancient Web. Ancient Greece and the Ancient Aegean World.

https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/educational/index_html.html
"Lesson Plans for 'The Greeks:  Crucible of Civilization, 3-part documentary,'" PBS website, 2000. See the three-part documentary video links in beginning of Greek section of this article.

https://chs.harvard.edu/
Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University website.

http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/awfrm.htm
The Ancient World, Eyewitness to History website. Primary sources for Classical Greece and Rome.

http://thehistorynetwork.org/category/ancient-warfare-magazine/
"Ancient Warfare," The History Network, podcasts such as Mercenaries, Alexander in Afghanistan, Chariot Warfare, Contests and Rituals, Septimius Severus, Role of Geography in ancient warfare, Roman conquest of Spain among others.

http://www.thehistoryofancientgreece.com/
Ryan Stitt, "The History of Ancient Greece Podcast," podcast series.

https://historyoftheworldpodcast.com/
Chris Hasler, England, "History of the World Podcast," Vol. 1-Prehistoric, Vol. 2-Ancient World, Vol. 3-Classical world. See Vol. 3 "Classical World" podcasts including Greece, Sasanians, Parthian and Seleucids, and Achaemenid Persia.

https://learnoutloud.com/Podcast-Directory/History/European-History/The-History-of-Rome-Podcast/25263
Mike Duncan, "The History of Rome Podcast," Learn out Loud, podcast series.

https://history-podcasts.com/the-ancient-world
Scott Chesworth, "The Ancient World podcasts," podcasts on Ancient Egypt, Greece, Mesopotamia and Rome, ongoing series since April 2012.

http://www.vroma.org/
VROMA website with online resources for teaching about the Latin Language and ancient Roman culture. Will have to register as a Guest until online issues are solved.

https://www.livius.org/
Livius website. Articles on classical antiquity. See more topics to the right of this Home page.

https://wkar.pbslearningmedia.org/subjects/social-studies/world-history/classical-traditions-1000-bce-300-ce/
Classical Traditions (1000 BCE-300 CE), PBS Learning Media. Lessons on Classical Traditions for all grades. Free interactive resources and activities including videos. See tabs on left side of page for more Classical lessons.

https://hyperallergic.com/542093/ancient-athens-3d/
Sarah Rose Sharp, "Explore Ancient Athens Online Through 3D Models, Created by One Animator Over 12 Years," Hyperallergic, February 11, 2020. Animator and photographer Dimitris Tsalkanis stated, "3D is an amazing tool to simulate what people who lived 2, 500 years ago might have experienced while walking around Athens."

http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/educational/lesson2.html
"'The Daily Athenian':  A Greek Newspaper Project," PBS, Empires, The Greeks. See lesson module.

https://curriculum.newvisions.org/social-studies/course/9th-grade-global-history/classical-civilizations/
"Classical Civilizations," New Visions, Social Studies. Classical Civilizations lesson modules aimed at 9th grade global history courses.

https://phi.history.ucla.edu/nchs/world-history-content-standards/world-history-era-3/
"World History Era 3," Public History Initiative, National Center for History in the Schools, UCLA History. World History Era 3 provides resources, lessons titled "Classical Traditions, Major Religions, and Giant Empires, 1000 BCE-300 CE. See also World History Era 4 resources to left of this page.

https://whfua.history.ucla.edu/units/four/closeup/04_closeup442.pdf
"Pressured by Persia:  The Persian Empire, 550-479 BCE," Closeup Teaching Unit 4.4.2, Big Era Four-Expanding Networks of Exchange and Encounter, 1200 BCE-500 CE, World History for Us All, UCLA. 51-page teaching module.

https://www.freeman-pedia.com/classical-600-bce-600-ce
"Classical (600 BCE-600 CE)," Freemanpedia website, Ben Freeman, Riverside High School, Leesburg Virginia, Loudon County Public Schools. Advanced Placement World History old curriculum resources. New AP World History Modern course took effect in Fall 2019, teaching world history from 1200 to the Present.

https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/classical-studies/introducing-the-classical-world/content-section-0?active-tab=description-tab
Introducing the Classical World," Free Course, OpenLearn, Open University. World of the ancient Romans and Greeks via a free online course.

https://sheg.stanford.edu/history-lessons?f%5B0%5D=topic%3A9&page=0#main-content#main-content#main-content
History Lessons, Stanford History Education Group. See Classical era lesson modules from Reading like a Historian curriculum focused on historical inquiry and primary source documents.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QihY-g20QA&feature=emb_title
4:24 Video. "Why Did Civilizations Expand?" Big History Project, published on You Tube, August 15, 2013. Seen on Mr. Tickler's APWH website, Mission Viejo, California School District. See Worksheet for "Why Civilizations Expand?" worksheet:  http://mrtickler.weebly.com/uploads/5/4/3/8/54383485/"why_did_civilizations_expand.pdf

Note 'silent lesson' as to "What is an Empire" to accompany this video clip:
http://mrtickler.weebly.com/uploads/5/4/3/8/54383485/"what_is_an_empire-"__1_.pdf

https://www.houstonisd.org/cms/lib2/TX01001591/Centricity/Domain/20273/Chapter%204%20-%20Ways%20of%20the%20World.pdf
Robert W. Strayer, "The Classical Era in the Big Picture 500 BCE-500 CE," Ways of the World, seen in Houston ISD. A summary of the classical era in Rome, Greece, India and China. See slim questions at the end of this 'summary.'

https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/16.3/forum_bulla.html
Michelle and Patrick Bulla, "The Qin Dynasty, the Hellenistic Empire, and the Art that May Connect Them:  Why Exploring Cultural Connections Matters for Educators and Students of World History," World History Connected, Vol. 16, no. 3, October 2019. Trade route lesson designed for high school students asked students to evaluate if Hellenistic art penetrated the Qin Dynasty and influenced their art, especially figural statues and ceramics. Also, a historiographic question as to this Western assertion questioned by Asian scholars.

https://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/hd/trade/hd_trade.htm
Department of Ancient Near East Art, "Trade Routes between Europe and Asia during Antiquity," In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, New York:  The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. See Primary and secondary essays to the right of this page for more Classical age resources from Europe to Asia.

http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/ancient.html
Steven Kreis, "Lectures on Ancient and Early Medieval History," History Guide, last revised July 2, 2014. Steven Kreis university lectures, five to ten pages, on classical world history. See especially Lectures 6-17.

https://sarahemilybond.com/
History From Below--Musings on Daily Life in the Ancient and Early Medieval Mediterranean website, by Sarah E. Bond. Note articles on race and identity in context of modern history.

https://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341419&p=2298730
Ancient Greek History, Culture, etc., Ancient Greece, Library Guides at University of Washington Libraries.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/ancient-greece/
"Ancient Greece Teaching Resources," National Geographic Society. See videos, artifacts, images for 6th-12th grades + lessons.

https://classicsforall.org.uk/
Home-Classics for All, UK website which champions classics in UK primary and secondary schools.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/classical-greece/v/overview-of-ancient-greece
Classical Greece resources, videos, lessons, Khan Academy.

https://creativeeducator.tech4learning.com/2013/lessons/Heros-Journey
"Hero's Journey Lesson," Creative Educator, 2013. See a video critique of Joseph Campbell Monomyth thesis, esp. as to Campbell's gender bias here:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XevCvCLdKCU 13:19 Video. Mike Rugnetta, "The Hero's Journey and the Monomyth:  Crash Course World Mythology #25, published on You Tube, September 2, 2017.

https://sheg.stanford.edu/history-lessons/roman-empire-and-christianity
Lessons. "Roman Empire and Christianity," Stanford History Education Group. Will have to register/subscribe. It is free.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/teaching-idea-ancient-rome/
"Teaching Idea:  Ancient Rome," National Geographic Society, Resource Teaching Library. Lesson module resources claim they are for 6th-8th grades, Middle School, but many could be utilized for high school world history courses.

http://www.classicsandclass.info/product/100/
"Shakespeare's Coriolanus and The Midland Revolt," Classics and Class, C & C, A People's History of Classics, King's College of London website.

http://besthistorysites.net/
Best of History Web Sites. See Greece, Rome tabs esp. to left of page.

https://worldhistory.us/category/ancient-history
"Ancient History Archives," World History. See classical Greek and Roman articles in this world history website.

https://www.thoughtco.com/ancient-history-4133336
Ancient history resources, Thoughtco.com. Classical world articles, resources.

https://etc.ancient.eu/culture/10-history-blogs-to-follow/
Jade Koekoe, "10 History Blogs to Follow," Ancient History et cetera, July 22, 2015.

http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/teachers/lessons/
Lesson Plan overview, The Story of India--For Teachers, with Michael Wood, PBS and BBC 6 part documentary website which premiered January 5, 2009. See Classical India-Rome lesson from this website below:

https://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/teachers/lessons/3/
"Lesson 3:  The Winds of Trade," The Story of India-For Teachers, PBS. Role-play lesson to accompany Episode 3 of The Story of India. Students are put in the shoes of a Roman merchant in the state of Kerala.

https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/3.2/gilbert.html
Marc Jason Gilbert, "Paper Trails:  Port Cities in the Classical Era of World History," World History Connected, Vol. 3, no. 2, February 2006.

https://www.academia.edu/2905607/Ancient_Ports_and_Harbours_-_The_Catalogue
Arthur de Graauw, "(PDF) Ancient Ports and Harbors-The Catalogue," Vol. 1, 6th edition, 2017. Arthur de Graauw collected, identified and located ancient harbors and ports such as Etruscan, Minoan, Mycenaean, Phoenician, Greek, and Roman in this catalogue. Uploaded to Academia by Arthur de Graauw.

https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/10.2/maunu.html
"Digital Resources for Travel Writing and Travel Narratives in World History," World History Connected, Vol. 10, no. 2, June 2013. See especially first section to 600 CE which covered the ancient and Classical world.

Historiography

https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/pdf/9781444334128.excerpt.pdf
Uwe Walter, "The Classical Age as a Historical Epoch," Wiley, Chapter 1, Introduction to A Companion to the Classical World, ed., Konrad H. Kinzel, Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Periodization.

https://www.ajaonline.org/sites/default/files/AJA1154_Barletta.pdf
Barbara A. Barletta, "State of the Discipline--Greek Architecture," American Journal of Architecture, 115, 2011, 611-40. Barletta described the historiography of Greek architecture.

https://www.academia.edu/1560115/The_Development_of_the_War_Monograph?email_work_card=title
Tim Rood, "The Development of the War Monograph," Chapter 11 in A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography, John Marincola, ed., Blackwell Publishing, Vol. 1, 2007, 147-158. See other chapters included in this link, including Introduction by John Marincola, editor. Uploaded to Academia by Tim Rood. See review of A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography below:

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-07-45.html
Book Review. John Bauschatz, John Marincola, ed., A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography, 2 vols., Blackwell Companion to the Ancient World, Malden, MA:  Blackwell Publishing, 2007, 656 pages, seen in Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 2008.

https://www.chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5839.2-riccardo-vattuone-looking-for-the-invisible-theopompus-and-the-
roots-of-historiography
Riccardo Vattuone, "Looking for the Invisible:  Theopompus and the Roots of Historiography," Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Look to the left of this page to see other Classical Greece and Rome historiography monographs.

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2016/2016-03-04.html
Book Review. Kostas Vlassopoulos, "Josiah Ober, The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece, The Princeton History of the Ancient World, Princeton; Oxford:  Princeton University Press, 2015, 416 pages, seen in Bryn Mawr Classical Review, March 4, 2016. Vlassopoulos challenged Ober's historiography as Greek exceptionalism or Greek "economic and cultural efflorescence." See Josiah Ober's reply below:

https://www.academia.edu/22898166/Reply_to_Vlassopoulos
Josiah Ober, "Reply to Vlassopoulos," March 6, 2016, uploaded to Academia by Josiah Ober.

https://classicsforall.org.uk/book-reviews/the-realness-of-things-past-ancient-greece-and-ontological-history/
Peter Jones and Catherine Trend, "The Realness of Things Past:  Ancient Greece and Ontological History," Classics for All, September 19, 2019. Greg Anderson claimed that historians do the classical ancient world an injustice by thinking about it in 'modernistic Euro-centric terms rather than its own. See another review of Anderson's historiographic view below:

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2019/2019-10-03.html
Book Review. Mark Roblee, "The Realness of Things Past," Bryn Mawr Classical Review, October 3, 2019. Review of Greg Anderson, The Realness of Things Past:  Ancient Greece and Ontological History, Oxford; New York:  Oxford University Press, 2018, 318 pages. Anderson theorized that there was no ancient Greek 'state,' indeed, no classical Athenian 'democracy,' at least not in the modern western sense. "Demokratia" was a 'way of life,' not a political system.

https://quillette.com/2019/01/10/the-future-of-our-ancient-past/
James Kierstead, "The Future of Our Ancient Past," Quillette, January 10, 2019. Pt. 1 of a four-part series on the Classics. See other 3 parts, "Are the Classics Complicit in White Supremacy?" "Is Western Civilization Uniquely Bad?," "Is Western Civilization a Thing?," and "The Future of our Ancient Past."  https://quillette.com/category/classics-series/

https://www.scribd.com/document/100444501/GABBA-True-History-and-Flase-History-in-Classical-Antiquity
Emilio Gabba, "True History and False History in Classical Antiquity," The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 71, 1981, 50-62, seen in Scribd.com, accessed May 19, 2012.

https://www.chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5851.giovanni-parmeggiani-ed-between-thucydides-and-polybius-the-
golden-age-of-greek-historiography
Giovanni Parmeggiani, ed., Between Thucydides and Polybius:  The Golden Age of Greek Historiography, Hellenic Studies Series 64, Washington DC:  Center for Hellenic Studies, 2014, Harvard University. See all chapters for this work on Greek historiography on left side of this page.

http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/ceserani/020805.pdf
Giovanna Ceserani, "Modern Historiography of ancient Greece:  genealogies, contexts and 18th-century narrative historiography," Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, Version 1.0, February 2008. Focus on the earliest modern narrative histories of ancient Greece, written at the beginning of the 18th century and how they effected modern historiography.

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/historians/
William L. Carey, "Greek and Roman Historians," Classics 370, George Mason University, The Latin Library, no date. See links to Ancient Historians on History, Syllabus for course, Geography and Maps, Chronology, Genealogy, Narratives, Full texts, and List of Ancient Historians.

https://www.academia.edu/983843/Bibliography_ancient_historiography
Mark Kindrachuk, (PDF) Bibliography:  ancient historiography," December 22, 2011, uploaded to Academia by Mark Kindrachuk. This work offers a list of resources dealing with the use and interpretation of Classical historical sources (work in progress). See other historiographical resources and papers to the right of this page.

https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/etd/ucb/text/DeVore_berkeley_0028E_13501.pdf
David John DeVore, "Greek Historiography, Roman Society, Christian Empire:  The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius of Caesarea," PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, Spring 2013, 333 pages.

https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0078.xml
Christopher A. Baron, "Greek Historiography," Oxford Bibliographies, last modified October 29, 2013. Slim introduction and summary of the writing of history in ancient Greece (500 BCE-500 CE) and a select number of books on this topic.

https://www.mcgill.ca/classics/files/classics/2009-10-11.pdf
Paul Ioan Vadan, "The Evolution of the Study of the Hellenistic Period," Study of the Hellenistic Period, McGill University, Canada, October 11, 2009, 121-129.

http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/82739/excerpt/9780521782739_excerpt.pdf
Victor Davis Hanson, "Introduction:  The Modern Historiography of Ancient Warfare," Chapter 1 in The Cambridge History of Greece and Roman Warfare, Vol. 1:  Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, Philip Sabin, et. al., eds., December 2007.

https://www.academia.edu/35494035/Between_Hellenism_and_the_Roman_Empire?email_work_card=title
Guido Clemente, "Between Hellenism and the Roman Empire," The Legacy of Arnaldo Momigliano, Wartburg Institute Colloquia 25, 2014, uploaded to Academia by Guido Clemente. A series of essays which honored noted Hellenist and Classical scholar Arnaldo Momigliano (1908-1987) which gave insight into Momigliano's historiography, perspective and biography.

https://www.academia.edu/33277102/Momigliano_and_Biography?email_work_card=interaction_paper
Tim Cornell, "Momigliano and Biography," The Legacy of Arnaldo Momigliano, Wartburg Institute Colloquia 25, 2014, uploaded to Academia by Tim Cornell.

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1992/03.03.18.html
William M. Calder III, Review of Michael P. Steinberg (ed), The Presence of the Historian:  Essays in Memory of Arnaldo Momigliano, History and Theory:  Studies in the Philosophy of History, Beiheft 30, Wesleyan University, 1991, seen in Bryn Mawr Classical Review, March 3, 2018. Note discussion of Momigliano's focus on Judaism and importance of  religious history.

https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arnaldo_Momigliano
"Arnaldo Momigliano Research Papers, Academia.

https://www.academia.edu/36321103/The_Imperial_Republic_of_Velleius_Paterculus?email_work_card=title
Alain M Gowing, "The Imperial Republic of Velleius Paterculus," The Blackwell Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography, J. Marincola, ed., 2007, uploaded to Academia by Alain Gowing. Judged to be historically superficial, marred by an overbearing urge to please the emperor Tiberius, and a vehicle for imperial propaganda, Velleius's work has been given short shrift, but now being reevaluated. See more papers, monographs on Roman and Greek historiography to the right of this page.

https://unm-historiography.github.io/intro-guide/essays/classical-antiquity/roman-historiography.html
Louisa Schoeller, "Roman Historiography," Making History, University of New Mexico Introduction to Classical Antiquity. See Greek and other historiography resources to the left of this page.

https://shakespeareandbeyond.folger.edu/2017/10/20/cleopatra-mythic-temptress/
Jacquelyn Williamson, "Cleopatra and Fake News:  How ancient Roman political needs created a mythic temptress," Shakespeare and Beyond blog, Folger Shakespeare Library, October 20, 2017.

https://www.academia.edu/31649332/Greek_and_Latin_Biography_in_Oxford_Bibliographies_Online_2016_-_NB_this_is_the_version_
from_2016_I_am_going_to_update_the_article_over_the_next_few_months_-_suggestions_are_welcome_?email_work_card=title
"Greek and Latin Biography in Oxford Bibliographies Online (2016)," uploaded to Academia by Alexei Zadorojnyi. Greeks and Romans recorded the lives of heroes, tyrants, sages, and celebrities, mostly male. Note comments on these "narratives" and their historiography.

https://www.academia.edu/38332912/Orientalizing_the_Galatae_Methods_Motives_Motifs
Antti Lampinen, 'Orientalizing the Galatae:  Methods, Motives, Motifs," presented at Creating and Strengthening Identities:  Greek-Roman Stereotypes of the East, Finnish Institute at Athens, February 8-9, 2019. Greek and Roman primary source statements 'identifying' the Gauls of the East.

https://www.academia.edu/13060306/Zoroastrianism_in_the_Far_East
Takeshi Aoki, "(PDF) Zoroastrianism in the Far East," Chapter 9 in The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, Michael Stausberg, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina with assistance of Anna Tessmann, eds., 2015, 147-156, updated to Academia by Takeshi Aoki. Note historiographical discussion of Far Eastern historians research on Zoroastrianism in the Far East, especially during the classical period.

https://www.academia.edu/745987/The_Persian_Wars_as_the_Origin_of_Historiography_Ancient_and_Modern_Orientalism_in_George_
Grotes_History_of_Greece
Alexandra Lianeri, "The Persian Wars as the 'Origin' of Historiography:  Ancient and Modern Orientalism in George Grote's History of Greece," Chapter 14, Cultural Responses to the Persian Wars Antiquity to the Third Millennium, edited by Emma Bridges, Edith Hall, and P.J. Rhodes, Oxford University Press, 2007.

https://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/History/historiography_iran.htm
Elton Daniel and A. Shapur Shahbazi, "Historiography of Ancient Iran," CAIS, The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies, extracted from Encyclopaedia Iranica, no date. See especially first third of article as to historiography of Iranian and Persephone pre-Islamic world.

https://www.academia.edu/34175038/New_Russian_view_on_Sassanid_Empire._Polemic_with_book_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%
B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94.
_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%
B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_224_-_653_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0
_2016._Mocza%C5%82ow_M._Pole%C5%BCajew_D._Dier%C5%BCawa_Sasanidow_224_-_653_gody_Moskwa_2016_?email_work_card=title
Tomasz Sinczak, "New Russian View on Sassanid Empire. Polemic with book," Historia I Swiat, nr 6, 2017, uploaded to Academia by Tomasz Sinczak. Review of new Russian history of the Sassanid empire edited by Mochalov and Polezhaev, 2016.

https://www.academia.edu/20236561/From_Rome_to_Iran_Identity_and_Xusro_II?email_work_card=title
Keenan Baca-Winters, "From Rome to Iran:  Identity and Xusro II," PhD dissertation, History, University of California, Irvine, 2015. Uploaded to Academia. A survey of Byzantine-Roman, Iranian, Arab historians as to the last great Iranian-Sasanian King, Xusro II (590-628 CE) who nearly conquered the Roman-Byzantine empire in the early 7th century CE.

https://www.academia.edu/12200197/Ex_Occidente_Imperium._Alexander_the_Great_and_the_Rise_of_the_Maurya_Empire
Bram Fauconnier, "(PDF) Ex Occidente Imperium. Alexander the Great and the Rise of the Maurya Empire," Histos 9, 2015, 120-173. Since the 19th century, historians have written tomes on Alexander in the Punjab. British and Indian nationalist historians have disagreed as to Alexander's importance in the rise of the classical Mauryans. Uploaded to Academia.

http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Downloads/PDF%20Books/British%20Historiography.pdf
Muhammad Shafique, "British Historiography of South Asia:  Aspects of Early Imperial Patterns and Perceptions," National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, Quaid-Azam University, Islamabad, 2016. See especially Chapter 3, "Coalescing the Romance of India," which described South Asia and Persian British historiography linked to Orientalism.

http://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper_07.pdf
Dr. Binod Bihari Satpathy, "Indian Historiography," Paper, Utkal University, n.d., 269 pages.

http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/essays/classical-education-in-america
Daniel Walker Howe, "Classical Education in America," Wilson Quarterly, Spring 2011.

https://lithub.com/rediscovering-the-lost-power-of-reading-aloud/
Meghan Cox Gordon, "Rediscovering the Lost Power of Reading Aloud-The History of Oral Storytelling," Literary Hub, January 22, 2020. Note references to Classical oral storytelling as a means to absorb literature.

https://aeon.co/essays/when-time-became-regular-and-universal-it-changed-history?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=6415c
8805f-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_09_04_52&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-6415c8805f-68694909
Paul J Kosmin, "A revolution in time," Aeon, Essays, December 9, 2019. When time became regular and universal, it changed history-311 BCE. Change over time for Time during the Classical era.

Middle East Classical World 

https://guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/c.php?g=288388&p=1922293
"Ancient Classics Philosophy and Mythology:  Near East," Library Guides at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, Lloyd Sealy Library, Guide for Library Research on Ancient Classics. See tabs at top of page for Books and Databases, Links and Resources, Rome, Asia.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/portrait/jews.html
"A Portrait of Jesus' World-Jews and the Roman Empire," From Jesus to Christ-The First Christians, Frontline, PBS. Note primary sources on tensions between Jews and Rome in Palestine region including two revolts, Caesarea and Jerusalem, including Masada. See part 1 and 2 of Frontline, From Jesus to Christ-The First Christians, below:

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/showsreligion/
Pt. 1 and 2 TV Documentary. "From Jesus to Christ:  The First Christians," Frontline/PBS, Aired April 6, 1998. Part 1, 1:51:25, Part 2, 1:53:06. See Home Page website:  https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1007&context=classicsfacpub
Sidnie White Crawford, "Roman, Greek, and Jews:  The World of Jesus and the Disciples," Classics and Religious Studies, Digital Commons, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, March 2004. Twelve-page essay.

http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190822-life-of-brian-the-most-blasphemous-film-ever
Nicholas Barber, "Life of Brian:  The most blasphemous film ever?" BBC, Culture, August 22, 2019. Monty Python film set in Roman occupied Palestine during the classical era. See debates over the film as to being blasphemous, heretical, and anti-Jewish and anti-Christian.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ni559bHXDg
Life of Brian-1979 Debate (1/4), Friday Night, Saturday Morning, November 9, 1979, You Tube video. Debate as to Monty Python's Life of Brian, which had been banned by many local councils and caused protests throughout the world with accusations that it was blasphemous.  See 4-part debate between Monty Python artists, John Cleese and elite conservative British spokespersons Malcolm Muggeridge and Bishop of British Anglican church. See part 2, 3 and 4 below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ku3GcPrW9xg&t=75s
Life of Brian-1979 Debate (2/4). Friday Night, Saturday Morning, November 9, 1979. You Tube video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGI9UevrzGc&t=6s
Life of Brian-1979 Debate (3/4), Friday Night, Saturday Morning, November 9, 1979. You Tube video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXmJHlqMvvE&t=129s
Life of Brian-1979 Debate (4 /4), Friday Night, Saturday Morning, November 9, 1979. You Tube video.

https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-diaspora
"Ancient Jewish History:  The Diaspora," Jewish Virtual Library. See many more topics for Classical Jewish history to left of this page.

https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/jul/11/ancient-greece-cultural-hybridisation-theory
Charlotte Higgins, "Ancient Greece, the Middle East and an ancient cultural internet," Education, The Guardian, July 11, 2013.

https://www.academia.edu/26791231/Why_the_Greeks_Know_so_Little_about_Assyrian_and_Babylonian_History_
Melammu_7_Mesopotamia_in_the_Ancient_World_
Andre Heller, "(PDF) Why the Greeks Know so Little about Assyrian and Babylonian History," chapter in Mesopotamia in the Ancient World-Impact, Continuities, Parallels, 2013, 331-348, Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium of the Melammu Project, Obergurgl, Austria, November 4-8, 2013, Melammu Symposia 7, published 2015.Uploaded to Academia by Andre Heller.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-mkVSasZIM
11:38 Video. John Green, "The Persians & Greeks:  Crash Course World History #5," Crash Course World History, published on You Tube, February 23, 2012. Contrast of Greek civilization and the Persian Empire.

https://ancientcivilizationsworld.com/persia/
"Ancient Civilization of Persia:  History and Culture of the Persian Empire," Ancient Civilizations World, January 12, 2017. Summary of Persian history and culture. See 'Home' tab for more resources, esp. for Greece and Rome.

https://www.ancient.eu/video/1268/zoroastrianism/
7:56 Video. "Zoroastrianism," Ancient History Encyclopedia, Khan Academy, published September 25, 2017. Zoroastrianism flowered under the classical age of Cyrus the Great, 576-529 BCE.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3bOL8j3ypQ
49:23 Video. "Lost Worlds:  Persia's Forgotten Empire," Timeline-World History Documentaries, published November 8, 2017. Focus on Persepolis.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=persian+and+the+classical+world+history&view=detail&mid=3388E52221ADB00
8144D3388E52221ADB008144D&FORM=VIRE
44:30 Video. "Documentary:  A Brief History of the Persian Empire," Engineering an Empire-The Persians, Bing Video, January 29, 2018.

https://www.realmofhistory.com/2019/11/05/10-facts-achaemenid-persian-empire-army/
Dattatreya Mandai, "Achaemenid Persian Empire:  Origins, History, And Military," Realm of History, last updated November 5, 2019. 550-330 BCE.

https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ois4.pdf
Religion and Power-Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond, ed. Nicole Brisch, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Seminars, Number 4, Chicago, Illinois, 2008. See chapters in the 286-page Institute paper on Persia, Maya and Roman classical age Kingship.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyHmLsyqc2Y
8:42 Video. "The Parthian Empire," The Great Courses, published on You Tube May 10, 2018. Professor Kenneth W. Harl described the Parthians. 247 BCE-224 CE.

https://www.academia.edu/6691877/The_Parthian_Campaigns_of_Septimius_Severus
Mark Kenneth Gradoni, "(PDF) The Parthian Campaigns of Septimius Severus," Chapter 1 in The Roman Empire During the Severan Dynasty:   Case Studies in History, Art, Architecture, Economy and Literature, Eric C. De Sena, ed., American Research Center in Sofia and John Cabot University, Rome, uploaded to Academia by Mark Kenneth Gradoni.

https://www.academia.edu/2471062/Roman_Frontiers_and_Foreign_Policy_in_the_East
Geoffrey Greatrex, "(PDF) Roman Frontiers and Foreign Policy in the East," Aspects of the Roman East, Papers in Honour of Professor Fergus Millar, Richard Alston and Samuel N. C. Lieu, eds., Brepols, 2007, 103-173. Uploaded to Academia by Geoffrey Greatrex.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=rise+and+fall+of+sassanit+empire&view=detail&mid=3EF8CDE32F25DD2CC7053EF8CDE32F25DD2
CC705&FORM=VIRE
21:02 Video. "Rise and Fall of Sassanid Empire," Bing Videos, published April 10, 2019 by Epimetheus. 224-651 CE.

https://www.academia.edu/32690732/T._Daryaee_and_Kh._Rezakhani_The_Sasanian_Empire_KING_OF_THE_SEVEN_
CLIMES_ed._T._Daryaee_Jordan_Center_for_Persian_Studies_2017_pp._155-197?email_work_card=title
Touraj Daryaee and Khodadad Rezakhani, "The Sasanian Empire," Chapter in King of the Seven Climes-A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE-651 CE), Touraj Daryaee, ed., UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies, 2017, 155-197. Uploaded to Academia.

https://www.academia.edu/1988347/Fighting_the_Other_Part_III_Military_and_Society_in_Sasanian_Iran_Uncorrected_Proof_?
email_work_card=title
Scott McDonough, "Fighting the Other, Part III, Military and Society in Sasanian Iran," Impacts and Techniques:  War in the Classical World, 2012, 601-620, uploaded to Academia by Scott McDonough.

https://www.academia.edu/34152552/HISTORIA_I_%C5%9AWIAT_6_2017_ISSN_2299-2464?email_work_card=title
Katarzyna Maksymiuk, "HISTORIA I AWIAT, 6, 2017, ISSN 2299-2464," Siedlce Nr 6/2017, Poland. See articles on Parthian Iran (Arscid Iran), Sasanian Iran and Rome, uploaded to Academia by Katarzyna Maksymiuk.

https://www.academia.edu/32671225/From_the_Kushans_to_the_Western_Turks?email_work_card=title
Khodad Rezakhani, "From the Kushans to the Western Turks," Chapter in King of the Seven Climes-A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE-651 CE), Touraj Daryaee, ed. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies, 2017, 199-226. Uploaded to Academia.

https://www.academia.edu/29782297/The_Sasanians_in_M._Bernardini_G._Bonora_G._Traina_ed._Turkmenistan._Histories_of_a_
Country_Cities_and_a_Desert_Umberto_Allemandi_Torino_2016
Omar Coloru, Alexis Lycas, and Giusto Traina, "(PDF) The Sasanians," in M. Bernardini, G. Bonora, G. Traina (eds.), Turkmenistan. Histories of a Country, Cities and a Desert, Umberto Allemandi, Torino 2016, 59-66. Uploaded to Academia by Omar Coloru and Alexis Lycas.

https://www.academia.edu/35778042/The_Two_Eyes_of_the_Earth?email_work_card=title
Matthew P. Canepa, "The Two Eyes of the Earth--Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran," University of California Press, 2009, full book uploaded to Academia. See more papers and monographs on this topic to the right side of this page.

https://www.academia.edu/4700467/Canepa_Building_a_New_Vision_of_the_Past_in_the_Sasanian_Empire_The_Sanctuaries_of_Kayānsīh
_and_the_Great_Fires_of_Iran?email_work_card=title
Matthew P. Canepa, "Building a New Vision of the Past in the Sasanian Empire:  The Sanctuaries of Kayansih and the Great Fires of Iran," Journal of Persianate Studies, 6, 2013, 64-90, uploaded to Academia by Matthew Canepa. Sasanian empire (224-642 CE) use of Zoroastrian religion in "new and built environments" to solidify power after supplanting the Arsacis (Parthians).

https://www.academia.edu/329117/Rome_and_the_Sassanid_Empire_Confrontation_and_Coexistence?email_work_card=title
Jan Willem Drijvers, "Rome and the Sassanid Empire:  Confrontation and Coexistence," Chapter 29, A Companion to Late Antiquity, P. Rousseau, ed., Malden-Oxford:  Blackwell Publishing, 2009, 441-454, uploaded to Academia by Jan Willem Drijvers, November 25, 2008.

https://www.academia.edu/13019336/Katarzyna_Maksymiuk_Geography_of_Roman-Iranian_wars._Military_operations_of_Rome_and_
Sasanian_Iran_Siedlce_2015?email_work_card=title
Katarzyna Maksymiuk, "Geography of Roman-Iranian wars. Military operations of Rome and Sasanian Iran," Siedlce, 2015. Uploaded to Academia by Katarzyna Maksymiuk. Book of annotated maps detailing military activity from 229 through 628 CE.

https://www.academia.edu/4385959/Late_Sasanian_army?email_work_card=view-paper
James Howard-Johnston, "Late Sasanian army," Chapter 7 in Late Antiquity:  Eastern Perspectives, Teresa Bernheimer and Adam Silverstein, eds., E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Trust, 2012, 87-127, uploaded to Academia by James Howard-Johnston.

https://www.academia.edu/6567274/Ērān_ud_Anērān._Studies_Presented_to_B._I._Maršak_1st_part_?email_work_card=title
"Eran ud Aneran. Studies Presented to B. I. Marsak, 1st part," eds., Matteo Compareti, etc., Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina, April 2006, uploaded to Academia by Matteo Compareti. Short papers on late Classical Iran and neighboring states in honor of B.I. Marsak's 70th birthday.

https://www.academia.edu/338178/_Distant_Displays_of_Power_Understanding_Cross-Cultural_Interaction_Among_the_Elites_of_Rome
_Sasanian_Iran_and_Sui_Tang_China._
Matthew P. Canepa, "Distant Displays of Power:  Understanding Cross-Cultural Interaction Among the Elites of Rome, Sasanian Iran, and Sui Tang China," ARS Orientalis 38, 2010. Uploaded to Academia by Matthew P. Canepa. Article analyzed the cultural processes of competitive interactions that unfolded among elites across Eurasia in late antiquity.

https://www.academia.edu/1988347/Fighting_the_Other_Part_III_Military_and_Society_in_Sasanian_Iran_Uncorrected_Proof_
Scott McDonough, "(PDF) Fighting the Other, Part III Military and Society in Sasanian Iran (Uncorrected Proof)," in Brian Campbell and Larry A. Tritle, Oxford University Press Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World, Oxford:  Oxford University Press, 2013, 601-620, uploaded to Academia by Scott McDonough, August 23, 2012. Sasanian Iran vs. Rome.

https://www.academia.edu/40686646/Travelling_between_the_Euphrates_and_the_Tigris_in_Late_Antiquity
Anthony Comfort, "(PDF) Travelling between the Euphrates and the Tigris in Late Antiquity," Viae Romanae, Zurich, June 1-2, 2017, uploaded to Academia by Anthony Comfort. Southeastern Anatolia Roman roads, new evidence, new perspectives through three case studies.

https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/asbook05.asp
"Internet Ancient History Sourcebook:  Persia," Fordham University Library. See resources on Persian classical history.

https://stmuhistorymedia.org/the-persian-royal-road/
Nathan Cantu, "The Persian Royal Roads," STMU History Media, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas, student media, November 13, 2016. Slim article on the Persian Royal Road. See "World History" tab at top of page for more Classical world history articles from this source.

https://www.chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5846
Dominique Lenfant, "Greek Monographs on the Persian World:  The Fourth Century BCE and its innovations," Chapter 9 in Giovanni Parmeggiani, ed., "Between Thucydides and Polybius:  The Golden Age of Greek historiography. Lenfant analyzed Ctesias' Persica, the best-known Greek monograph on the Persian world written in the 4th century BCE.

http://animals.io9.com/how-elephant-armies-built-the-ancient-world-1545663498
Jason G. Goldman, "How Elephant Armies Built the Ancient World," Animals, March 17, 2014.

https://www.academia.edu/27081447/_From_Terror_to_Tactical_Usage_Elephants_in_the_Partho-Sasanian_Period_The_Parthian_and_
Early_Sasanian_Empires_Adaptation_and_Expansion_eds._V._Sarkhosh_Curtis_et._al._Oxford_2016_pp._36-41?email_work_card=title
Touraj Daryaee, "'From Terror to Tactical Usage:  Elephants in the Partho-Sasanian Period,' The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires:  Adaptation and Expansion, eds. V. Sarkhosh Curtis et. al, Oxford, 2016, 36-41," uploaded to Academia by Touraj Daryaee.

http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/category/parthian-military-history/
Dr. Kaveh Farrokh, "Archive for the 'Parthian Military History' category," Kaveh Farrokh website, February 9, 2014. Parthians (Arscid Iran) rose to power in 247 BCE and were replaced by the Sassanid empire in 223 CE. The Parthians fought many battles with the Romans and stopped Roman advancement east. See more from Dr. Farrokh's website on the Parthians: 

http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/iranica/militaria/military-history-and-armies-of-the-parthians/
http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Parthian.html
"A Roman description of the Parthians or later Persians from Justin's History of the World," primary source document from Professor Nicholas C. J. Pappas, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas ancient history website.

https://www.academia.edu/12173945/Arsacid_Iran_and_the_Nomads_of_Central_Asia_Ways_of_Cultural_Transfer?email_work_card=title
Marek Jan Olbrycht, "Arscid Iran and the Nomads of Central Asia, Ways of Cultural Transfer," in Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE, edited by Jan Bemmann and Michael Schmander, (Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Vol. 7), Bonn, 2015. Uploaded to Academia. Arscid Iran, 248 BCE-226 CE or Parthians, which saw a vibrant afterlife as the Sasanian Empire, 226-651 CE was described with their cultural links to the nomads of Central Asia.

https://www.academia.edu/37652205/_The_Silk_Road_and_the_Iranian_Political_Economy_in_Late_Antiquity_Bulletin_of_the_School_
of_Oriental_and_African_Studies_81_2018_227-250_without_the_weird_pleonastic_subheading_the_journal?email_work_card=title
Richard Payne, "'The Silk Road and the Iranian Political Economy in Late Antiquity,' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 81 (2018):  227-250...," Uploaded to Academia by Richard Payne. The Iranian Empire emerged in the third century in the interstices of the Silk Road that increasingly linked the markets of the Mediterranean and the Near East with South, Central, and East Asia.

https://www.academia.edu/38278574/Religious_Landscape_of_the_Ancient_Merv_Oasis.pdf?email_work_card=title
Barbara Kaim and Maja Kornacka, University of Warsaw, "Religious Landscape of the Ancient Merv Oasis, pdf," IRAN, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, 54, 2016, 47-72. Uploaded to Academia. Northeastern Iran city of Merv and its oasis from the Parthian period onward, 2nd century BCE through mid-seventh century CE which was a crossroads for traders and missionaries.

http://byzantinemilitary.blogspot.ru/2013_10_01_archive.html
Byzantine Military blog, October 1, 2013. Website dedicated to the military history and civilization of the Eastern Roman Empire (330-1453 CE). See "Farmer's Law," 7th-8th centuries, Byzantine fortresses, defensive fortifications, images, photographs, maps.

Classical World in East, South and Southeast Asia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463400010493
Historian Michael Aung-Thwin examines the meaning of the term "classical" for Southeast Asia in "The "Classical in Southeast Asia: The Present in the Past," in Perspectives on Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 26, Issue 1 (March 1995), 75-91.

https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/sse.html
The Metropolitan Museum of Art's resources on Classical Southeast Asia includes essays, works of art, and a chronology.

https://www.academia.edu/40516369/Complexity_of_interaction_along_the_Eurasian_steppe_zone_in_the_first_millennium_CE?
email_work_card=title
Book. Jan Bemmann and Michael Schmauder, eds., "Complexity of Interaction Along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the first millennium CE," Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Vol. 7, 2015, 708 pages. Uploaded to Academia by Jan Bemmann. See chapters on Classical civilizations and era. Book is out of print.

https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/india/indiasbook.asp
Internet History Sourcebooks Project. See especially "medieval India," which includes classical India and "Greek and Chinese sources" on India.

http://www.ancientmilitary.com/the-art-of-war-online.htm
"The Art of War online," Sun Tzu, Ancient Military, 2010. Also, see http://suntzusaid.com/ Sun Tzu Chinese military leader, 544-496 BCE.

http://www.nczonline.net/blog/2009/03/01/book-review-the-art-of-war/
Nicholas C. Zakas, "Book Review of Art of War," nczonline.net, March 1, 2009. Comments on Sun Tzu and Sun Bin and Thomas Cleary's, "The Art of War: Complete Texts and Commentaries."

http://www.jadedragon.com/archives/martarts/sunbin01.html#top
M.E.H., Book Review of Sun Bin Art of Warfare, jadedragon.com.

https://www.ijlass.org/data/frontImages/gallery/Vol._3_No._7/6._54-61.pdf
Xiangchu Fang, "Burning Books and Burying Scholars:  On the Policies of the Short-lived Qin Dynasty in Ancient China (221-207 BC), International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, Vol. 3, no. 7, September 2015, 54-61.

https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/9.1/lee.html
Yuen Ting Lee, "Ban Zhao:  Scholar of Han Dynasty China," World History Connected, Vol. 9, no.1, February 2012. First women historian of classical China.

http://totallyhistory.com/shan-hai-jing/See Han Dynasty website with 'topics' to the left of this page, Totally History.

http://totallyhistory.com/han-dynasty-military/
"Han Dynasty Military," Totally History. Short article describing Han military, conscription and weapons.

https://www.theepochtimes.com/cuju-2000-years-of-ancient-chinese-soccer_1745118.html
Leo Timm, "Cuju:  2,000 Years of Ancient Chinese Soccer," The Epoch Times, September 6, 2015. According to FIFA, the earliest form of soccer was a Chinese invention dating back to classical China.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eG0cCWpJxQA
32:20 Video documentary, "Roman Empire VS Chinese Empire," Metatron, published on You Tube, January 10, 2019.

https://china360online.org/?property=han-china-and-ancient-rome
"Han China and Ancient Rome," China 360. See other resources as one navigates through this website from the China Institute.

https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/three-kingdoms-period/
Kenneth J. Hammond, "The Three Kingdoms Period:  China's Golden Age of Adventure," from Lecture series: From Yao to Mao-5000 Years of Chinese History, The Great Courses Daily, December 1, 2017. After the last Han emperor was set aside (220 CE), China broke up into three successor states, Shu Han, Wei, and Wu, competing for power from 222-265 CE.

http://www.samurai-archives.com/bdij.html
Justin Rowan, "The Rise of Buddhism in Politics and War," Samurai Archives. Essay with works cited page.

http://www.nri.org.uk/NRI%20Newsletter%20No.16%20Feb%201998a.pdf
Robin Yates, "The Development of Some Early Chinese Weapons," Needham Review Institute Newsletter, No. 16, February 1998. Scroll down page to see Robin Yates brief review of early Chinese hand weapons.

https://www.academia.edu/1315140/The_Barbarisation_of_Bactria?email_work_card=title
Angelo Andrea Di Castro, "The Barbarisation of Bactria," In Cultural Interaction in Afghanistan, c. 300 BCE to 300 CE, Working Paper 5, Centre of South Asian Studies, Monash University Press, Clayton, 2005. Role of Bactrian people in commercial and cultural exchange during Hellenistic and Kushan periods. Uploaded to Academia.

https://www.academia.edu/420524/The_Archaeology_of_the_Hellenistic_Far_East_A_Survey
Rachel Mairs, "The Archaeology of the Hellenistic Far East:  A Survey. Bactria, Central Asia and the Borderlands, c. 300 BCE-100 CE, Oxford: BAR International series 2196, 2011, 1-75, uploaded to Academia by Rachel Mairs. See more resources on this topic to the right of this page.

https://www.academia.edu/4824639/5_Central_Asia_and_the_Silk_Road?email_work_card=title
Etienne de la Vaissiere, "5 Central Asia and the Silk Road," in S. Johnson, ed., Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, 2012, 142-169, uploaded to Academia by Etienne de la Vaissiere.

https://www.academia.edu/825133/Passages_to_India_Śaka_and_Kuṣāṇa_Migration_Routes_in_Historical_Contexts?email_work_card=title
Jason Neelis, "Passages to India:  Saka and Kusana Migration Routes in Historical Context," Chapter 3 in On the Cusp of an Era:  Art in the Pre-Kusana World, ed. Doris M. Srinivasan, Leiden:  Brill, 2007, 55-94, uploaded to Academia by Jason Neelis. Trade route, especially vibrant, during the classical era, extending from northern Iranian plateau and central steppes to South Asia.

https://www.academia.edu/28251889/Telling_the_Sogdian_Story_Sogdians_the_Cultural_Bees_of_Central_Asia?email_work_card=title
Maria Slautina, "Telling the Sogdian Story:  Sogdians the Cultural Bees of Central Asia, A Freer/Sackler Digital Exhibition Project, uploaded to Academia by Maria Slautina.

http://www.silk-road.com/artl/sogdian.shtml
"The Glories of Sogdiana," Silk Road.com, no date. Introduction to Sogdia in Asia that existed from 6th century BCE to the 11th century CE.

https://www.academia.edu/41626086/EMPIRE_REIMAGINED_TOWARDS_A_NEW_DEFINITION-SOGDIAN_CASE_STUDY_4_TH_
CENTURY_BCE-10_TH_CENTURY_CE
Arwen R. Maier, "Empire Reimagined:  Towards a New Definition-Sogdian Case Study (4th Century BCE-10th Century CE)," Thesis Paper, California State University, Long Beach, December 2019, uploaded to Academia by Arwen R. Maier. Sogdian influence in Classical world history has been ignored over time. Analysis of empires within historical scholarship had been controlled by Roman models. This thesis challenged the Roman model with a case study on central Asian Sogdians during the classical era.

https://www.academia.edu/4518180/Tarsākyā_an_analysis_of_Sogdian_Christianity_based_on_Archaeological_Numismatic_Epigraphic_and_
Textual_Sources
Barakatullo Ashurov, "Tarsakya an analysis of Sogdian Christianity based on Archaeological, Numismatic, Epigraphic, and Textual Sources," PhD Thesis, Department of the Study of Religions, SOAS, University of London, 2013. Late classical and early medieval Central Asian, "Persian Christianity" influence on the central steppe Sogdians. Uploaded to Academia.

http://www.academia.edu/862294/Parthia_and_Nomads_of_Central_Asia._Elements_of_Steppe_Origin_in_the_Social_and_Military_Developments_of_Arsacid_Iran
Marek Jan Olbrycht, Krakow/Munster, "Parthia and Nomads of Central Asia. Elements of Steppe Origin in the Social and Military Development of Arsacid Iran," December 2003, seen in Academia. Marek Jan Olbrycht argued that Parthian cultural and military ethos made them equal to the Romans.

http://www.deremilitari.org/REVIEWS/Hildinger_WarriorsSteppe.htm
Christopher Berg, Sam Houston State University, Review of Erik Hildinger, "Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia 500 BC-1700 AD," Da Capo Press, 1997 [2001], 260 pp. seen in De Re Militari Book Reviews, page added August 2011.

https://archive.org/stream/heartofasiahisto00skriuoft/heartofasiahisto00skriuoft_djvu.txt
Francis Henry Skrine and Edward Denison Ross, Full text of "The Heart of Asia: A History of Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates From the Earliest Times," 1899. Francis Skrine was an Indian Civil Service official and Edward Ross was Ph.D., Professor of Persian history at University College, London. Book was written in context of Russian advances in central Asia recalls central Asian military history from "earliest times" or 6th century BCE to the late 19th century.

https://www.academia.edu/40516369/Complexity_of_interaction_along_the_Eurasian_steppe_zone_in_the_first_millennium_CE
"(PDF) Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian steppe zone in the first millennium CE," Jan Bemmann and Michael Schmauder, eds., Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, Vol. 7, 2015, 708 pages, uploaded to Academia by Jan Bemmann. See especially late Roman and Byzantine steppe interaction based on agriculture.

http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1100/MR1100.chap3.pdf
"Pre-Modern Swarming: Horse Archer Cases," Chapter 3, History Cases, Rand Corporation monograph part of larger study, 2000, "Swarming on the Battlefield: Past, Present and Future." This chapter introduces horse archer tactics begun in Central Asia by steppe warriors and then explains examples of successful swarming military tactics such as St. Clair's defeat 1791 North American Frontier, Ulm 1805, Boers 1888, U-boat Wolfpacks in WW I, and 1993 Somalia tactics in defeating American troops in Mogadishu. See entire monograph here:

http://blog.asianart.org/blog/index.php/tag/horses/
Courtney Helion, "Horses in Ancient China," Asian Art Museum Blog, San Francisco, California, January 27, 2014. More information on the Heavenly Horses of the Ferghana Valley prized by the Chinese.

https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/monomyth-heros-journey-project
"Monomyth:  Hero's Journey Project," ORIAS, Office of Resources for International and Area Studies, University of California, Berkeley.  See esp. classical world resources for India's Ramayana and Japan's Prince Yamato from Joseph Campbell's Monomyth project which identified heroes in cultural narratives globally.

https://mapscatalogonline.blogspot.com/2017/02/mauryan-and-gupta-empire-map.html
Maps. "The Mauryan and Gupta Empire Maps," Maps Catalog online blog, February 19, 2017. Many maps in power point format showing Mauryan and Gupta classical empires from 321 BCE-550 CE.

https://www.ancient.eu/article/208/cultural-links-between-india--the-greco-roman-worl/
Sanujit, "Cultural links between India & the Greco-Roman world," Ancient History Encyclopedia, February 12, 2011.

https://www.academia.edu/5974580/When_the_Greeks_Converted_the_Buddha_Asymmetrical_Transfers_of_Knowledge_in_Indo-Greek_Cultures
Georgios T. Halkias, "When the Greeks Converted the Buddha:  Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Culture," in Religions and Trade-Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, Peter Wick and Volker Rabens, eds. Brill, 2014, 65-116. Uploaded to Academia by Georgios T. Halkias.

https://www.academia.edu/41005664/Review_The_Greek_Experience_of_India_by_Richard_Stoneman_Histos_13_2019_li-lvii_
Bram Fauconnier, "Review:  The Greek Experience of India by Richard Stoneman (Histos 13 (2019) li-lvii," Histos 13, 2019, uploaded to Academia by Bram Fauconnier. Book review of Richard Stoneman, The Greek Experience of India:  From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks, Princeton University Press, 2019, 528 pages.

https://www.indianoceanhistory.org/assets/Site_18/files/Era%20Overviews/Classical%20Era.pdf
"Classical Era, 1000 BCE to 300 CE:  Contacts and Trade Expand," Indian Ocean history. Slim page and a half 'Historical Overview' of Indian Ocean in the Classical age.

https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_military_history/v067/67.1boesche.pdf
Roger Boesche, "Kautilya's Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy," The Journal of Military History, Vol. 67, No. 1, January 2003, pp. 9-37 (article), published by Society for Military History, Project MUSE. Kautilya, Indian adviser to Kings, 317-293 BCE wrote this classic work on political, military and diplomatic strategies.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+episode+3+the+story+of+india%2c+spice+route+and+silk+road&view=detail&mid=7CA53
CA0429AE7B780DE7CA53CA0429AE7B780DE&FORM=VIRE
59:02 Video Documentary. "Spice Routes and Silk Road-Story of India," Episode 3, BBC, published on You Tube, December 20, 2013. Indian classical history, 200 BCE-300 CE. See PBS timeline and resources for episode 3:  http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/timeline/3/

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=the+story+of+india+video+episode+4&view=detail&mid=24961287BEE59CDFFF6024961287B
EE59CDFFF60&FORM=VIRE
59:02 Video Documentary. "Ages of Gold- Story of India," Episode 4, BBC, published on You Tube, December 20, 2013. Michael Wood explains the classical golden age of India. See PBS timeline and resources for episode 4:  http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/timeline/4/

https://www.timemaps.com/civilizations/classical-india/
"The Classical Period of Ancient India," Time Maps, no date. Classic Age of ancient India roughly corresponded to that of ancient Greece, 700 BCE-350 BCE. Slim introductory article for classical India.

http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=socssp&sei-redir=1&refere
Manali S. Deshpande, "History of the Indian Caste System and Its Impact on India Today," Senior Project, Social Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Fall 2010, published in Digital Commons, Cal Poly education.  See especially how India's caste system moved many lower caste Hindus to Buddhism in the Classical era.

https://aeon.co/essays/was-the-buddha-an-awakened-prince-or-a-humble-itinerant?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=5f2c5a18cd-
EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_16_04_27&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-5f2c5a18cd-68694909
Alexander Wynne, "Who was the Buddha?" Aeon, Essays, December 16, 2019.

https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=history_hon
Chuky Kyaping, "The Unintended Legacy of Hellenism:  The Development and Dissemination of the Buddha Image," History Honors Paper, Digital Commons at Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 2016, 81 pages. The first images of an anthropomorphic Buddha in the first and second century CE.

https://www.academia.edu/31704024/Crowns_Horns_and_Goddesses_Appropriation_of_Symbols_in_Gandhāra_and_Beyond?
email_work_card=title
Angelo Andrea Di Castro, "Crowns, Horns, and Goddesses:  Appropriation of Symbols in Gandhara and Beyond," Chapter 2 in Conceiving the Goddess Transformation and Appropriation in Indic Religions, Bhalchandra Bapat and Ian Mabbett, eds., Monash University Publishing, 2017, uploaded to Academia. Di Castro described Indian, Hellenistic, Kusana and Gupta goddesses as 'syncretic artistic language,' stretching from the Mediterranean to East Asia during the 2nd century BCE to the 6th century CE.

http://download.nos.org/srsec315new/History%20Book_L07.pdf
Lesson Module. "The Guptas and Their Successors (A.D. 300-750)," History 101. nos.org, download, no date.

http://greenvalleykashmir.com/CMS/Files2/Life%20in%20Gupta%20Period.pdf
Rijaz Kathjoo, "Life in Gupta Period," Green Valley Educational Institute, Kashmir, ed. by Junaid Qadri, no date, 10-page summary for Class 11th, Arts History.

http://stewartgordonhistorian.com/teaching-materials.html
Gupta simulation, Teaching Materials, Stewart Gordon website. Students role play Gupta factions in conflict. South Asian and world historian Stewart Gordon simulation on Gupta factions in conflict.

https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/trade-routes-and-diffusion-artistic-traditions-south-and-southeast-asia
Nandana Chutiwongs, "The Trade Routes and the Diffusion of Artistic Traditions in South and Southeast Asia," Silk Roads, UNESCO, 272-286, no date. 

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=kushan+empire+trade+with+rome&view=detail&mid=74123A9F8BCE0DA5281A74123A9F8B
CE0DA5281A&FORM=VIRE
34:50 Video. "Kasana Kushan Empire," published on You Tube, February 25, 2016. A segment from Michael Wood, "The Story of India-BBC" series.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gc4p_KQGf4
8:06 Video. "The Kushan Empire That Connected East and West," Squarespace website, published on You Tube, June 17, 2019.

Greek world

https://www.academia.edu/28365773/A_Brief_History_of_Ancient_Greece_Politics_Society_and_Culture?email_work_card=title
Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, "A Brief History of Ancient Greece:  Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2004, 340 pages. Uploaded to Academia.edu.

https://www.academia.edu/34639400/History_of_Ancient_Greece._2013?email_work_card=title
Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times, 2nd edition, Yale University Press, 1996, updated 2000 and 2013, uploaded to Academia by Dimitry Pertsev.

https://www.academia.edu/667071/Beyond_Magna_Graecia_Greeks_and_Non_Greeks_in_France_Spain_and_Italy?email_work_card=title
Kathryn Lomas, "Beyond Magna Graecia:  Greeks and Non-Greeks in France, Spain and Italy," Chapter 10 (174-196) in A Companion to the Classical World, ed. Konrad H. Kinzl, Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Entire book uploaded to Academia by Kathryn Lomas. Chapters on the Greek Classical world.

https://www.academia.edu/26902401/Hornblower_S._2011_-_The_Greek_World_479-323_BC_-_4th_ed.pdf?email_work_card=title
Simon Hornblower, The Greek World-479-323 BCE, 4th ed., Routledge History of the Ancient World, 2011, uploaded to Academia.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=the+classical+age+in+world+history--a+people%27s+history&view=detail&mid=CDA759938F
1D82AA3230CDA759938F1D82AA3230&FORM=VIRE
2:45:01 Documentary, "History:  The Greeks:  Crucible of Civilization," 3 episodes, published on You Tube, August 19, 2015. See series in 3 parts below:

https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/greeks-crucible-civilization/
54:58 Video documentary, Episode 1, "The Greeks:  Crucible of Civilization-Revolution," PBS, 2000, Top Documentary Films.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GZN_qCmARs
55:01 Video documentary, Episode 2, "The Greeks:  Crucible of Civilization-Golden Age," PBS, 2000, published on You Tube February 15, 2014.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08UtxuyI9ok
55:02 Video Documentary, Episode 3, "The Greeks:  Crucible of Civilization-Empire of the Mind," PBS, 2000, published on You Tube, February 15, 2014. See PBS educational resources and Lessons for this documentary series below:

https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/educational/index_html.html
Lesson Plans/Educational Resources for "The Greeks:  Crucible of Civilization," PBS, 2000.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3q3ghq5ReLs
Oedipus the King, BBC, 1986, 1:54:28. Published on You Tube, February 13, 2018.

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2002/2002-01-08.html
Book Review. Kirk Ormand, Oberlin College, "The Ancient World in the Cinema, revised and expanded edition, by Jon Solomon," Yale University, 2001, seen in Byrn Mawr Classical Review, January 8, 2002. Heavily American and Eurocentric cinema examples.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=what+is+classical+world+history&view=detail&mid=FD5F4B188A1FE99E4688FD5F4B18
8A1FE99E4688&FORM=VIRE
12:15 Video. "What is Classical World History," by Y's of History, published on You Tube June 14, 2014. Scroll down to see other Classical videos.

https://worldhistory.us/ancient-history/greek-interaction-with-east-africa.php
"Greek Interaction with East Africa," World History, May 21, 2017. East African commercial interest by the Greeks had existed as early as the eighteenth-century BCE with Egypt being the middleman.

http://www.thehistoryofancientgreece.com/p/recommended-podcasts.html
"The History of Ancient Greece Podcast," Podcast series covering Greek and Hellenistic history, politics, culture.

https://eurohist1600.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-fall-of-athens-and-end-of-greek.html
Gregory M. Miller, "European History to 1600:  The Fall of Athens and the End of the Greek Golden Age," Euro History blog, September18, 2012. Much of this blog post described the Greek Golden Age. See more blog posts to the right of this page on Greek history.

https://www.academia.edu/41723880/Theseus_and_the_Tyrannicides_in_the_Persian_Wars_Hero-Cult_as_a_Linking_Means_between_
Military_Might_and_Constitution_in_the_Early-Fifth-Century_BCE_Athens
Eleni Krikon, "Theseus and the Tyrannicides in the Persian Wars:  Hero-Cult as a Linking Means between Military Might and Constitution in Early-Fifth-Century Athens," Classical and Byzantine Monographs, G. Giangrande and H. White, eds., Adolf M. Hakkert publisher, Amsterdam, 2019, 101-135, uploaded to Academia by Eleni Krikon.

https://www.academia.edu/983846/Bibliography_Greek_warfare
Mark Kindrachuk, "Bibliography:  Greek warfare," uploaded to Academia by Mark Kindrachuk, University of Saskatchewan.

https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/homer/frogmice.htm
"Homerica:  The Battle of Frogs and Mice," translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White [1914], Sacred Texts. Short poetic parody of The Iliad attributed to Homer. See tabs at top of page for more 'sacred texts.'

https://www.academia.edu/37249021/Warfare_and_the_State_in_the_Hellenistic_World_and_Republican_Rome?email_work_card=title
John Serrati, "Warfare and the State," Chapter 14, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Greece, the Hellenistic world and the rise of Rome," Philip Sabin, et. al., eds., Vol. 1, 2008. Uploaded to Academia by John Serrati. See more monographs and papers on this topic to the right of this page.

http://yale.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.12987/yale/9780300109009.001.0001/upso-9780300109009
Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip D. Morgan, ed., "Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age," Yale University Press, 2006. Series of monographs on empires and states arming slaves over time beginning with the helots in classical Greece. 

https://www.academia.edu/437816/Perspectives_on_the_Macedonians_From_Greece_Rome_and_Beyond?email_work_card=title
Sulochana R. Asirvatham, "Perspectives on the Macedonians From Greece, Rome and Beyond," in A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington, Blackwell Publishing, Wiley Online Library, 2010, uploaded to Academia by Sulochana R. Asirvatham.

https://www.academia.edu/39693752/The_Assassination_of_Philip_II_An_Elusive_Mastermind
Mads Ortving Lindhomer, "(PDF) The Assassination of Philip II:  An Elusive Mastermind," Palamedes II-A Journal of Ancient History, 2016. Uploaded to Academia by Mads Lindhomer. Consideration of theories as to the assassination of Alexander the Great's father, Philip II, with a consideration toward Persian complicity.

https://www.academia.edu/27240920/The_Conquests_of_Alexander_the_Greath.pdf?email_work_card=title
Waldemar Heckel, University of Calgary, Canada, "The Conquests of Alexander the Great," Cambridge University Press, 2008. Entire book uploaded to Academia.

http://trainings.altpere.com/downloads/GYC/books/Alexander%20Great%20Strategy.pdf
David "Alexander the Great-Lessons in Strategy," Routledge, 2007. David Lonsdale's book is part of "Strategy and History," series, eds., Colin Gray and Williamson Murray, Routledge publishing.

https://www.academia.edu/37151109/Alexander_between_Rome_and_Persia_Politics_Ideology_and_History?email_work_card=title
Jake Nabel, "Alexander between Rome and Persia:  Politics, Ideology, and History," in K. Moore, ed., Brill's Companion to the Reception of Alexander the Great, 2018, Leiden:  Brill, 197-232. Uploaded to Academia by Jake Nabel.

https://www.ancient.eu/article/94/the-hellenistic-world-the-world-of-alexander-the-g/
Joshua J. Mark, "The Hellenistic World:  The World of Alexander the Great," Ancient History Encyclopedia, November 2018.

https://www.academia.edu/4437926/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_the_Hellenis?email_work_card=title
Glenn R. Bugh, ed., "The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World," Cambridge Collections Online @ Cambridge University Press, 2007. Uploaded to Academia. Chapters on the Hellenistic World from Alexander to Cleopatra.

https://www.academia.edu/36376065/FOREIGN_TRADE_IN_THE_BLACK_SEA_REGION_AND_THE_FORMATION_OF_
THE_PONTIC_MARKET_FROM_THE_FIRST_CENTURY_BCE_TO_THE_THIRD_CENTURY_CE_V._Kozlovskaya_ed._
The_Northern_Black_Sea_in_Antiquiti._Cambridge_Univ._Press._2017
Sergey Vnukov, "(PDF) Foreign Trade in the Black Sea Region and the Formation of the Pontic Market from the First Century BCE to the Third Century CE," Chapter 5 in Valeriya Kozlovskaya, ed., The Northern Black Sea in Antiquity-Networks, Connectivity, and Cultural Interactions, Cambridge University Press, 2017, uploaded to Academia by Sergey Vnukov. Note, especially Black Sea interactions with Pontic Greeks and classical Hellenistic Greece.

https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1992_num_18_2_2026
Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, "Greek Colonization of the Eastern Black Sea Littoral (Colchis), Dialogues d'histoire Ancienne, seen in Persee, France, 1992, 223-258.

http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.html
Thucydides, "The History of the Peloponnesian War," MIT Classics, written in 431 BCE, translated by Richard Crawley. Thucydides' history is divided into eight books which can be downloaded from this MIT website.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/xenophon-anabasis.asp
"Xenophon: The Anabasis or march up country," Paul Halsall Ancient History Primary Sources, Fordham University. Xenophon, born 431 BCE, pupil of Socrates, exiled from Athens, moves to Sparta where he details in seven books the Spartan military expedition to aid Cyrus in Persia from 401 BCE-399 BCE. See more on Xenophon below:

http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/1740/00dissertation.pdf?sequence=2
B.F. Barker, "From the Scamander to Syracuse. Studies in Ancient Logistics," Paper completed for Masters of Art with Specialization in Ancient Languages and Cultures, University of South Africa, November 2005. This 95-page master's paper discusses logistics and supply during the Persian invasion of Greece, Athenian need for timber supplies to build ships, the Syracuse assault and Alexanders march from Greece to Asia.

https://www.academia.edu/23055093/Conflict_in_the_Peloponnese_Social_Military_and_Intellectual._Proceedings_of_the_2nd_CSPS
_PG_and_Early_Career_Conference._The_Centre_for_Spartan_and_Peloponnesian_Studies_Online_Publication_4
"Conflict in the Peloponnese:  Social, Military and Intellectual," Proceedings of the 2nd CSPS PG and Early Career Conference, March 22-24, 2013, The Centre for Spartan & Peloponnesian Studies Online Publication 4, published online 2018. See short papers, many on Sparta. Uploaded to Academia by Vasiliki Brouma, University of Nottingham.

http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html
"The History of Herodotus," by Herodotus, The Internet Classic Archive, MIT. Translated by George Rawlinson. See Books I-IX.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=herodotus&view=detail&mid=92A0E6958E49D3859B2592A0E6958E49D3859B25&FORM=VIRE
12:03 Video. "History Makers:  Herodotus," published on You Tube September 13, 2019.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utzym1I_BiY&feature=youtu.be&utm_source=TED-Ed+Subscribers&utm_campaign=cb957c8d
75-2013_09_219_19_2013_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1aaccced48-cb957c8d75-49611245&mc_cid=cb957c8d75
&mc_eid=f1e9d32591
5:25 Animated Video. William D. Desmond, "The philosophy of cynicism," Ted Ed, published on You Tube, December 19, 2019. Fourth century BCE, Diogenes of Sinope.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9OCA6UFE-0
5:29 Animated Video. Massimo Pigliucci, "The philosophy of Stoicism," Ted Ed, published on You Tube, June 19, 2017. Zeno of Cyprus 300 BCE.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yhn1Fe8cT0Q
18:38 Video lecture. Massimo Pigliucci, "Stoicism as a philosophy for an ordinary life," TEDxAthens, published on You Tube, September 25, 2018.

https://aeon.co/videos/can-philosophy-and-morals-be-transmitted-through-a-painting
8:00 Video. "The Death of Socrates," Aeon, Video, March 2020. Can philosophy and morals be transmitted through a painting?  A deconstruction/analysis of painting. See Jacque-Louis David neoclassical painting, "The Death of Socrates," (1787) portraying the 399 BCE city-state ordered 'execution' of Socrates. Students could contextualize the 1787 painting and source the image.

https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf
Ian Morris, "The Growth of Greek Cities in the first millennium BC," Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in the Classics, December 2005.

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=F7AA81F7EDDDA2CCE4C8F26172F0329B?doi=10.1.1.123.9203&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Azar Gat, "Why City-States Existed? Riddles and Clues of Urbanization and Fortifications," published in Mogens H. Hansen, A Comparative Study of Six City-State Cultures, Copenhagen:  The Danish Royal Academy, 2002, 125-138. Note focus on Classical Greek city states.

https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2017/04/10/ancient-greeks-immigrants-boon-threat-homeland-security/ideas/nexus/
Laurialan Reitzammer, "For the Ancient Greeks, Immigrants Were Both a Boon and Threat to Homeland Security," Essay, Zocalo Public Square, April 10, 2017. For the ancient Greeks immigrants were welcome, but "Barbarians" were not.

https://www.academia.edu/8729339/Helots_Vs._Slaves_-_Ancient_Greek_Society
Emily Whitmore, "Helots Vs. Slaves - Ancient Greek Society," 2014, 1-9, uploaded to Academia by Emily Whitmore.

https://aeon.co/essays/the-classical-solution-to-the-problem-of-public-integrity?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=943a
5286cc-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_09_12_45&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-943a5286cc-68694909
Melissa Lane, "Rules or Citizens?" Aeon, Essays, December 9, 2019. The classical solution to the problem of public integrity. Anarchy and accountability in Athenian Greece, 404-403 BCE.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fivQUlC7-8
4:51 Video. Melissa Schwartzberg, "What did democracy really mean in Athens?"  Ted Ed Lessons, March 24, 2015. The Athenian 'lottery system.'

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLJBzhcSWTk
4:21 Video. "Why Socrates Hated Democracy," The School of Life, UK, November 28, 2016.

https://www.academia.edu/28279601/Transforming_Sparta_New_approaches_to_the_study_of_Spartan_society_2015_?email_work_card=title
Stephen Hodkinson, "Transforming Sparta:  New Approaches to the study of Spartan society (2015)," Ancient History:  Resources for Teachers, Vol. 41-44, 2011-2014, Macquarie Ancient History Association, Macquarie University, 1-41. Uploaded to Academia by Stephen Hodkinson.

http://departments.kings.edu/history/hist374.html
Syllabus. History 374, Classical Greece and Rome, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA., Spring 2006.

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/history/21h-301-the-ancient-world-greece-fall-2004/syllabus/MIT21H_301f04_syllf10.pdf
Syllabus. "Ancient World-Greece," MIT Open Courseware, Fall 2010, Steven E. Ostrow and Kathleen Delaney.

https://www.juancole.com/2020/03/ancient-thought-leadership.html
"In Ancient Greek Thought, Plagues Follow Bad Leadership," Informed Comment, March 2020.

http://www.essaysinhistory.com/the-symptom-and-the-subject-the-emergence-of-the-physical-body-in-ancient-greece/#more-715
Book Review. Elizabeth LaFray, "The Symptom and the Subject:  The Emergence of the Physical Body in Ancient Greece," {essays in history}, Vol. 44, 2011. Review of Brooke Holmes, The Symptom and the Subject, Princeton University Press, 2010, 355 pages. 

https://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-other-artifacts/doryphoros-greek-art-imitating-ideal-form-009942
Wu Mingrew, "Doryphoros:  Greek Art Imitating Ideal Form," Ancient Origins, April 23, 2018. Focus on Greek ideal form evidenced by bronze 5th century BCE sculptor Polykleitos. See embedded 5:07 video.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=phidias&view=detail&mid=0B03FAFD636B481F8CAE0B03FAFD636B481F8CAE&FORM=VIRE
14:24 Documentary Video.  "Phidias, Parthenon sculptures," Smart History, published on You Tube, January 20, 2018. A look at the architecture of Phidias, 490-430 BCE, including Zeus at Olympia and The Parthenon. See other Greek architecture videos below this resource.

https://traveling-cook.com/tourism-in-ancient-greece-and-rome/
"Tourism in Ancient Greece and Rome," Traveling & Cook, October 10, 2019.

https://aeon.co/essays/why-we-need-an-absence-of-noise-to-hear-anything-important?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=
9bbf75028d-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_02_23_11_03&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-9bbf75028d-68694909
Liam Heneghan, "A Place of Silence," Aeon, Essays, February 23, 2020. Our cities are filled by the hubbub of human-made noise. Where shall we find the quietness we need to nurture our spirit? Heneghan described ancient Athens as example for this essay.

https://daily.jstor.org/how-do-we-know-that-epic-poems-were-recited-from-memory/
Matthew Wills, "How do we know that epic poems were recited from memory," JSTOR Daily, February 28, 2020. In a pre-literate society could long epic poems like The Iliad and The Odyssey been memorized and passed on in oral presentations? See two other articles at end of this slim piece as to oral memory and classical epic poems.

https://www.academia.edu/22393939/The_International_Journal_of_the_History_of_Sport_Prologue_Sport_in_the_Cultures_of_the_Ancient_World
Zinon Papakonstantinou, "Prologue-Sport in the Cultures of the Ancient World," The International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol. 26, no. 2, February 2009, 141-148. Uploaded to Academia by Zinon Papakonstantinou. Focus on the Greek Olympics. Papakonstantinou summarized the chapters, seen in resource below, in the Prologue for this edition of sport in classical world cultures.

https://www.academia.edu/3483755/Sport_in_the_Cultures_of_the_Ancient_World._New_Perspectives
Zinon Papakonstantinou, "Sport in the Cultures of the Ancient World-New Perspectives," edited by Zinon Papakonstantinou, Routledge, 2012. Uploaded to Academia by Zinon Papakonstantinou.

https://www.academia.edu/5166048/Epilogue_Fresh_Perspectives_on_Ancient_Sport
Zinon Papakonstantinou, "Epilogue:  Fresh Perspectives on Ancient Sport," seen in Sport in the Cultures of the Ancient World-New Perspectives, Routledge, 2012. Uploaded to Academia by Zinon Papakonstantinou.

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2020/2020-02-12.html
Book Review. Matthew Sears, Review of David Pritchard, Athenian Democracy at War, Cambridge; New York:  Cambridge University Press, 2019, 287 pages, Bryn Mawr Classical Review, February 12, 2020. Athenian democracy and war, including comments on Athenian sports as training for warfare.

https://www.academia.edu/4924324/Ancient_Greek_Long-Distance_Runners_The_Cross-Section_of_Athletics_Religion_and_the
_Military?email_work_card=view-paper
John Haberstroh, "Ancient Greek Long-Distance Runners:  The Cross-Section of Athletics, Religion and the Military," Spring 2012, uploaded to Academia by John Haberstroh.

https://www.ancient.eu/article/944/wine-in-the-ancient-mediterranean/
Mark Cartwright, "Wine in the Ancient Mediterranean," Ancient History Encyclopedia, August 21, 2016.

https://aeon.co/videos/music-was-ubiquitous-in-ancient-greece-now-we-can-hear-how-it-actually-sounded?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter
&utm_campaign=c70b647dc8-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_09_06_34&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-c70b647dc8-68694909
16:00 Video documentary. "Rediscovering Ancient Greek Music," Aeon, Videos, December 2019. Music was ubiquitous in Ancient Greece. Now we can hear how it actually sounded.

http://www.bmcreview.org/2008/10/20081024.html
Book review. Enrico Medda, Review of N.J. Sewell-Rutter, Guilt by Descent:  Moral Inheritance and Decision Making in Greek Tragedy, Oxford Classical Monographs, Oxford/New York:  Oxford University Press, 2007, 202 pages. Focus of book was supernatural and human causation in Greek tragedy.

https://www.newyorker.com/culture/comma-queen/an-instant-classic-about-learning-ancient-greek?source=EDT_NYR_EDIT_NEWSLETTER
_0_imagenewsletter_Daily_ZZ&utm_campaign=aud-dev&utm_source=nl&utm_brand=tny&utm_mailing=TNY_Daily_010220&utm_medium
=email&bxid=5be9f9ee2ddf9c72dc887205&cndid=49038802&esrc=&mbid=&utm_term=TNY_Daily
Mary Norris, "An Instant Classic About Learning Ancient Greek," The New Yorker, January 2, 2020. Norris discussed Andrea Marcolongo, "La Lingua Geniale," (Nine Reasons to Love Greek).

http://people.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1996-7/Smith.html
Christine A. Smith, "Plague in the Ancient World-A Study from Thucydides to Justinian," The Student History Journal, 1996-1997, Vol. XXVIII, Loyola University, New Orleans, History Department.

https://www.ancient.eu/article/939/the-plague-at-athens-430-427-bce/
John Horgan, "The Plague at Athens, 430-427 BCE," Ancient Encyclopedia, August 24, 2016.

https://repository.brynmawr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1156&context=arch_pubs
Astrid Lindenlauf, "Thrown Away Like Rubbish-Disposal of the Dead in Ancient Greece," Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, Bryn Mawr College, Issue 12, 2001, 86-99.

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/did-ancient-greeks-engage-human-sacrifice-180960111/
Jason Daley, "Did the Ancient Greeks Engage in Human Sacrifice?" Smithsonian, August 12, 2016. Remains uncovered at an altar to Zeus on Mount Lykaion may confirm legends about human sacrifice at the shrine.

Roman world

https://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/the_history_of_rome/2007/07/1-in-the-beginning-.htmlPodcasts. "1- In the Beginning," The History of Rome, July 27, 2007. See many other episodes above title of podcast in this case, see Episode 2, "Youthful Indiscretions."

https://www.dancarlin.com/hardcore-history-60-the-celtic-holocaust/
5:59:51 podcast. "The Celtic Holocaust," Dan Carlin Hardcore History 60, August 9, 2017. Julius Caesar is travel guide through the Roman plundering of Celtic Gaul.

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/91557/carno_1.pdfClaudia I. Arno, "How Romans Became 'Roman':  Creating Identity in an Expanding World," PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 2012, Deep Blue-University of Michigan Library.

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.11.16.html
Book Review. Marianne McDonald, University of California, San Diego, "Projecting the Past:  Ancient Rome, Cinema and History, by Maria Wyke, London:  Routledge, 1997, seen in Bryn Mawr Classical Review, November 16, 1997.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zETkvW2y84c
5:12 Video. "Daily life in Ancient Rome," Discovery Education. Comparison of wealthy and average Roman daily life.

https://www.academia.edu/3333818/The_Popularity_of_Epicureanism_in_Late-Republic_Roman_Society._The_Ancient_World_XLIII
_2012_pp.151-172
Erlend D. MacGillivray, "The Popularity of Epicureanism in Late-Republic Roman Society," The Ancient World, XLIII, 2012, 151-172, uploaded to Academia by Erlend MacGillivray.

https://orca.cf.ac.uk/109080/1/2018colwilldjphd.pdf
David John Colwill, "'Genocide' and Rome, 343-146 BCE:  State expansion and the social dynamics of annihilation," PhD thesis in Ancient History, Cardiff University, 2017.

https://www.academia.edu/40417153/Roman_Wealth_and_Wealth_Inequality_in_Comparative_Perspective
Walter Scheidel, "(PDF) Roman Wealth and Wealth Inequality in Comparative Perspective," Working Paper, Stanford University, Version 1, September 2019, uploaded to Academia by Walter Scheidel.

https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/020601.pdf
Walter Scheidel, "Republics between hegemony and Empire:  How Ancient City States built empires and the USA doesn't (anymore),"Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in the Classics, February 2006.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/
Introduction/Index, "The Roman Empire:  In the First Century," PBS, 2006. See those documentaries below:

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+documentary-the+roman+empire%3a+in+the+first+century%2c+pbs+2006&view=detail&
mid=6D5574ACEB25FDD246986D5574ACEB25FDD24698&FORM=VIRE
54:17 Video Documentary, "The Roman Empire:  In the First Century, Order From Chaos," PBS, Episode 1, 2006, published on You Tube, August 7, 2014.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=the+roman+empire%3a+in+the+first+century%2c+documentary+pbs&view=detail&mid=F47583
56FF84508910ACF4758356FF84508910AC&FORM=VIRE
55:06 Video Documentary, "The Roman Empire:  In the First Century, Years of Trial," PBS, Episode 2, published on You Tube, August 7, 2014.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+documentary+roman+empire%3a+in+the+first+century%2c+2006&view=detail&mid=D83
CF4062005357D6406D83CF4062005357D6406&FORM=VIRE
1:31:06 Video Documentary, "The Roman Empire:  In the First Century, Winds of Change," PBS, Episode 3, 2006, published on You Tube, December 24, 2018.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=pbs+documentary+video%2c+the+roman+empire%3a+in+the+first+century%2c+pbs%2c+episode
+4&view=detail&mid=88B70DE4649C346090EA88B70DE4649C346090EA&FORM=VIRE
55:06 Video documentary, "The Roman Empire:  In the First Century, Years of Eruption," PBS, Episode 4, 2006, published on You Tube, August 7, 2014.

http://www.essaysinhistory.com/pax-romana-war-peace-and-conquest-in-the-ancient-world/#more-1800
Book Review. Jordan F. Slavik, "Pax Romana:  War, Peace and Conquest in the Ancient World," {essays in history}, Vol. 51, 2018. Review of Adrian Goldsworthy, Pax Romana:  War, Peace and Conquest in the Ancient World, Yale University Press, 2016, 528 pages.

http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Roman_army.html?id=NqHvmQGx2iUC
Google Book-Patricia Southern, ""The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History," ABC-Clio, 2006, 383 pp. See 4 short reviews of book and another below.

http://www.unrv.com/book-review/the-roman-army.php
Book Review of Patricia Southern, ""The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History," Oxford University Press, 2007, 330 pp., by Roman Empire UNRV History Website-Roman Empire blogger "Ursus." This reviewer gives high marks, "a gem," to Southern's book on Roman army for her analysis of sources used, bibliography and superb prose. Dr. Southern is a librarian by trade with a History and Archaeology degree from London University and then on to teach British frontier studies at University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Reviews of Southern's book in other sites, like good reads are not as sterling.

https://archive.org/details/jstor-263434
William Stuart Messer, "Mutiny in the Roman Army, The Republic," Classical Philology, XV, April 1920 seen in Internet Archives, JSTOR. Read Dartmouth's Dr. Messer's monograph like a Kindle book.

https://www.academia.edu/41624659/The_Nisibis_War_337-363_CE_The_Strategic_Defense_of_The_Roman_Orient?email_work_card=title
John Harrel, "The Nisibis War (337-363 CE):  The Strategic Defense of The Roman Orient," MA Thesis, History, California State University, Northridge, December 2012. Rome versus the Sassanid empire and that war's impact on the defense of Rome's Eastern Provinces.

https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/errw/hd_errw.htm
"Eastern Religions in the Roman World," Essay, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, April 2007.

https://docplayer.net/11089736-The-black-sea-area-in-the-trade-system-of-the-roman-empire.html
Octavian Bounegru, "The Black Sea Area in the Trade System of the Roman Empire," Euxeinos 14, 2014. Nine-page description of Roman Black Sea trade.

http://www.thehistoryherald.com/Articles/Ancient-History-Civilisation/Hannibal-and-the-Punic-Wars/propaganda-war-in-the-roman-world-the-
demonizing-of-hannibal-and-the-carthaginians
Yozan Mosig, "Propaganda and War in the Roman World: The Demonizing of Hannibal and the Carthaginians," The History Herald, December 9, 2012. Roman propaganda to support their military and demean Hannibal and Carthage during the Punic Wars.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius
"Polybius," Wikipedia. Greek historian, 264-146 BCE, who formed personal friendship with Roman military commander Scipio Aemilianus and accepted Roman culture, wrote "The Histories" which was a detailed account of Rome's rise to power and was eye witness to sack of Carthage. Would Polybius be an embedded military journalist?

https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/050704.pdf
Walter Scheidel, "The Roman Slave Supply," Version 1.0, Stanford University, May 2007. Many Roman slaves were military captives including entire city populations conquered by Roman armies.

http://www.historynet.com/military-technology-using-a-cloud-of-dust-in-ancient-warfare.htm
Gregory G. Bolich, "Military Technology-Using a Cloud of Dust in Ancient Warfare," Military History Quarterly online June 12, 2006 originally published in MHQ Autumn 2004. The Romans learned from Hannibal at the 216 BCE battle of Cannae about maneuvering the enemy forces into facing sun, wind and dust.

http://www.ancient.eu.com/carthage/
Joshua L. Mark, "Carthage," Ancient History Encyclopedia, April 28, 2011. Military history of Carthage in North Africa. See other articles beneath this essay for more on this topic.

https://www.thehistoryherald.com/Articles/Ancient-History-Civilisation/Hannibal-and-the-Punic-Wars/hannibal-s-elephants-myth-and-reality
Yozan Mosig, "Hannibal's Elephants:  Myth and Reality," The History Herald, May 18, 2013.

http://100falcons.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/a-real-letter-from-a-roman-soldier/
"A Real Letter from a Roman Soldier," Great Names in History, 100 Falcons blog, November 25, 2009. A young Alexandrian Egyptian, Apion, enlisted in the Roman army in the second century CE and survives a terrible storm in voyage to Italy to receive his uniform and pay. See his letter, in Greek, to his father back in Egypt.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=egyptian+cotton+in+classical+greece+and+rome&view=detail&mid=1250C67623D27D9E91401
250C67623D27D9E9140&FORM=VIRE
43:39 Documentary. "When Rome Ruled Egypt," Clark's History Reels, published on You Tube, May 23, 2018.

http://www.unrv.com/empire/war-with-jugurtha.php
See concise summary of Jugurthine War in UNRV.com, United Nations of Roma Victrix website. Rome vs. Carthaginians in Africa. See UNRV website home page:  https://www.unrv.com/

https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a436236.pdf
LTC William T. Sorrells, "Insurgency in Ancient Times: The Jewish Revolts Against the Seleucid and Roman Empires, 163 BC-73 AD,"A Monograph, School of Advanced Military Studies US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, May 26, 2005.

https://muse.jhu.edu/article/197158/pdf
Andrew J. Schoenfeld, "Sons of Israel in Caesar's Service: Jewish Soldiers in the Roman Military," Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3, Spring 2006, pp. 115-126, published by Purdue University Press. Seen in Muse.jhu.edu. 

http://www.academia.edu/2543723/The_Jew_who_Pulled_Down_the_Walls_Tiberius_Julius_between_Alexandria_and_Jerusalem
Marisa Elana James, "The Jew Who Pulled Down the Walls: Tiberius Julius Between Alexandria and Jerusalem," Rabbinic Civ I Final Paper, January 19, 2012. Egyptian Jew who was a Roman Governor and General.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Alexander
"Tiberius Julius Alexander," Wikipedia.

http://barnesreview.org/pdf/TBR2009-no5-4-9.pdf
Merlin Miller, "Arminius: The Liberator of Europe," Barnes Review, September/October 2009. Merlin Miller contends that 2000 years ago, September 9-11, 9 CE, that Arminius and his soldiers destroyed three Roman legions and gave birth to Europe.

http://www.ancientmilitary.com/ancient-slavs.htm
"Ancient Slavs" Ancient Military, 2012. Summary of ancient Slav military and their attacks into a weakened Roman empire. See links on left side of page for many other summaries of ancient militaries and weapons.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_War_theory
"Just War Theory," Wikipedia. First begun as philosophical discourse in Roman times.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/overview_roman_01.shtml
Dr. Neil Faulkner, "Overview: Roman Britain, 43-410 AD," BBC History, March 29, 2011. See Britain tribes the Romans encountered in their military "colonization:"

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/iron_01.shtml
"Britain Tribes," BBC History. This brief description of British tribes who encountered the Romans come from Roman sources, Tacitus, Roman historian and a Roman geographer named Ptolemy.

http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1879350,00.html
Ishaan Tharoor, "Why Chemical Warfare Is Ancient History," Time, February 13, 2009. British archaeologists find that a 256 CE battle saw Roman soldiers dying in a tunnel due to an early gas and bitumen weapon.

http://romanmilitary.net/
"Victori-The Roman Military" website developed by three 15 year old high school students in Pennsylvania for the 1998 Think Quest competition. See tabs for Tools of war, Strategy and Tactics, Military and the People, History, Teacher Resources, and Links.

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2012/2012-09-13.html
Book Review. Cedric Brelaz, Policing the Roman Empire, by Christopher J. Fuhrmann, Bryn Mawr Classical Review, September 13, 2012. Roman law enforcement throughout all of the empire (27 BCE-260 CE).

https://www.academia.edu/40458648/FuhrmannFullCV_Sep
Fuhrmann Full CV, updated September 2019, uploaded to Academia by Christopher Fuhrmann. Note Fuhrmann's history, "Policing the Roman Empire," 2012 with review links.

http://www.southernhumanitiesreview.com/review-invisible-romans-by-robert-knapp.html
Book review. John Phillips, "Robert Knapp's Invisible Romans:  Prostitutes, Outlaws, Slaves, Gladiators, Ordinary Men and Women...The Romans That History Forgot," Southern Humanities Review, December 1, 2015. 

https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbpmg
Book description, summary of Chapters, "Invisible Romans," by Robert Knapp, JSTOR. Roman history has centered on the elite. Robert Knapp brought to light the laboring men, housewives, prostitutes, freedmen, slaves, soldiers and gladiators who formed the backbone of ancient Rome. Knapp included outlaws and pirates who lay beyond it.

https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/110504.pdf
Walter Scheidel, "The Comparative Economics of slavery in the Greco-Roman world," Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, Version 1.0, November 2005.

https://eaglesanddragonspublishing.com/sacrifice-in-the-roman-world/
"Sacrifice in the Roman World," Eagles and Dragons Publishing, January 20, 2018.

https://www.academia.edu/983847/Bibliography_Roman_warfare?email_work_card=title
Mark Kindrachuk, "Bibliography:  Roman warfare," uploaded to Academia by Mark Kindrachuk, University of Saskatchewan.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=what+the+modern+world+owes+to+the+classical+greeks+and+romans&view=detail&mid=0D30
B3B32B0125EE505C0D30B3B32B0125EE505C&FORM=VIRE
45:06 Documentary video. "Ancient Civilization-Ancient Rome and Romans in Africa," Military History, 2015, published on You Tube May 4, 2015.

https://thebookbindersdaughter.com/2014/08/06/review-augustus-by-john-edward-williams/
Melissa Beck, "Review:  Augustus by John Edward Williams, The Book Binders Daughter blog, August 6, 2014. An "epistolary," historical fiction about Emperor Augustus. Epistolary literature is written as a series of documents such as letters by one of the characters.

https://www.nyrb.com/collections/ides-of-march-flash-sale/products/augustus?variant=1094929261
Description of "Augustus," by John Williams, The NY Review of Books. Augustus reigned from 27 BCE-14 CE and was founder of the Roman Principate.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=elder+pliny%2c+natural+history&&view=detail&mid=9EEFF9D880CAD2B3B5519EEFF9D880
CAD2B3B551&&FORM=VDRVRV
42:25 Podcast. Pliny the Elder and the Natural History, In Our Time:  History, BBC Radio 4, published on You Tube, August 5, 2018.

https://blog.oup.com/2020/03/the-mystery-of-the-elder-plinys-skull/?utm_source=feedblitz&utm_medium=FeedBlitzRss&utm_
campaign=oupblog
Roy Gibson, "The mystery of the Elder Pliny's skull," Oxford University Publishing blog, March 20, 2020. The Elder Pliny, author of Rome's great encyclopedia, Natural History, was commander of the Misene fleet 19 miles from Vesuvius in 79 CE.

https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/January-2020/The-Emperor-from-Africa
Barnaby Rogerson, "The Emperor from Africa," Aramco World, January 2020. Septimius Severus (193-211 CE) was Libyan born.

https://www.academia.edu/41262719/2019._Late_Roman_Civil_War_and_the_African_Grain_Supply._Journal_of_Late_Antiquity_12.2
Joroen Wijnendaele, "Late Roman Civil War and the African Grain Supply," Journal of Late Antiquity, Vol. 12, no. 2, Fall 2019, uploaded to Academia by Joroen Wijnendaele.

Gender

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/women-and-families/v/comparative-roles-of-women-in-rome-and-han-china
10:37 Video. Eman Elshaikh, "Comparative roles of Women in Rome and Han China," Khan Academy. Note comments on women in Athens.

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-02-23.html
Book Review. Sarah E. Phang, review of Laura K. McClure, ed., Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World:  Readings and Sources, Oxford, UK/Malden, MA:  Blackwell Publishers, 2002, 318 pages.

https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/10121/Masango_Aristotle's(2003).pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
M. Masango, "Aristotle's philosophical influence on Western civilization, history and theology placed women in inferior positions," Verbum Et Ecclesia, Jrg. Vol. 24, no. 2, 2003, 417-438. 

https://classicalstudies.org/node/34311
Claire Catenaccio, "Blog:  Women in Classics:  A Conversation with SCS President-Elect Shelley Haley:  Part I," Classical Studies, January 9, 2020. See Part II which adds to women and Haley interest in race in the Classical world:
https://classicalstudies.org/scs-blog/claire-catenaccio/blog-women-classics-conversation-shelley-haley-part-ii

https://aeon.co/essays/before-the-canon-the-non-european-women-who-founded-philosophy?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=
4f944ce991-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_02_06_05_56&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-4f944ce991-68694909
Dag Herbjornsrud, "First Women of Philosophy," Aeon, Essays, February 6, 2020. Before the canon:  the non-European women who founded philosophy. Note many classical world examples of early women philosophers.

http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/
James C. Thompson, "Women in the Ancient World," site revised July 2010. Status, role and daily life of women in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome, Athens, Israel and Babylon.

http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/d/94/wwh.html
Judy Gaughan, "Women in Classical Athens and Sparta," Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, Women in World History Teaching Case Studies. Using primary sources to teach about women in classical Athens and Sparta.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=lesson+module%2c+women+in+classical+rome+and+greece&view=detail&mid=E12C38649A490F
44481BE12C38649A490F44481B&FORM=VIRE
9:35 Video. "Women in the Family," Ancient Greek Society, published on You Tube November 14, 2016.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/women-and-families/v/comparative-roles-of-women-in-rome-
and-han-china
10:37 Video. "Comparative roles of women in Rome and Han China," Khan Academy, World History. Discussion with Khan Academy World History Fellow Eman Elshaikh. Lesson module.

https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/role-of-women-in-ancient-rome/
Gregory S. Aldrete, "The Role of Women in Ancient Rome-Piecing Together a Historical Picture," from the Lecture Series:  The Rise of Rome, The Great Courses Daily, April 26, 2018.

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130976125
Book Review. W. Ralph Eubanks, "How History and Hollywood Got 'Cleopatra' Wrong," NPR, November 1, 2010. Interview with Stacy Schiff on her biography, Cleopatra:  A Life, 384 pages.

https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/9.1/lee.html
Yuen Ting Lee, "Ban Zhao:  Scholar of Han Dynasty China," World History Connected, Vol. 9, no. 1, February 2012.

https://www.academia.edu/41613177/The_Powerful_Intelligent_and_Capable_Ancient_Female_Rulers_Comparing_Pharaoh_Cleopatra_
and_Empress_Wu_Zetian
Michelle R. Pedersen, "The Powerful, Intelligent, and Capable Ancient Female Rulers:  Comparing Pharaoh Cleopatra and Empress Wu Zetian," Chinese Culture, History and Society, November 2019, uploaded to Academia by Michelle Pedersen.

http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/4.3/gilbert.html
Marc Jason Gilbert, "When Heroism is Not Enough: Three Women Warriors of Vietnam, Their Historians and World History," World History Connected, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2007. Dr. Gilbert, Hawaii Pacific University, portrayed Vietnamese women warriors, The Trung sisters and Trieu Thi Trinh (Lady Trieu) 225-248 CE. See Endnotes for more resources for global women warriors, African, native American, etc.

https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/
30:23 Video Lecture, Joyce E. Salisbury, "Trung Sisters of Vietnam Fight the Han," from lecture series, "Warriors, Queens, and Intellectuals:  36 Great Women before 1400," The Great Courses Daily. Vietnam's legendary Trung sisters (b. 25 CE) led fight against the expansionist Han dynasty. See summary of that series below:

https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/warriors-queens-and-intellectuals-36-great-women-before-1400.html
"Warriors, Queens, and Intellectuals:  36 Great Women before 1400," The Great Courses.

https://www.atiner.gr/journals/humanities/2014-1-1-2-RUBARTH.pdf
Scott Rubarth, "Competing Constructions of Masculinity in Ancient Greece," Athens Journal of Humanities & Arts, Vol. 1, Issue 1, January 2014, 21-32. Three competing models of gender and what it meant to be a man in Classical and Post-Classical Greece; Athenian civic, Spartan martial, and Stoic philosophical models.

https://groundviews.org/2016/02/13/book-review-from-shame-to-sin-by-kyle-harper/
Book Review. Charles Sarvan, "From Shame to Sin by Kyle Harper," Groundviews, February 13, 2016. Review of From Shame to Sin-The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity. Change over time in sexual attitudes from the Romans to early Christians. Note reference to Mark Golden and Peter Toohey, A Cultural History of Sexuality in the Classical World, 2011.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ab3f/40bab895d28b8c61f085d861c92195cde6c7.pdf
Lin Foxhall, "Gender and the Study of Classical Antiquity," Chapter 1, Introduction to Study of Gender in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge University Press (10-page pdf) seen in Semantic Scholar. See table "Articles in American Journal of Philology, Classical Quarterly and Historia on women and gender, 1970-1985.

http://bingweb.binghamton.edu/~clas382a/resources.htm
Bibliography. "Resources-Ancient Sexuality and Gender," University of Binghamton, Andrew Scholtz, Instructor, last updated December 11, 2013. Mostly Greek sources.

https://www.thoughtco.com/eunuchs-in-the-roman-empire-121003
N.S. Gill, "Types of Eunuchs in the Roman Empire," Thoughtco.com, July 18, 2018.

http://www.historymatters.group.shef.ac.uk/earinus-roman-civil-rights-activist/
Cheryl Morgan, "Earinus:  A Roman Civil Rights Activist?" History Matters, University of Sheffield, UK, no date. Eunuchs in Rome and Byzantium.

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2015/2015-03-45.html
Book Review. Dimitri Nakassis, "Review of Barbara A. Olsen, Women in Mycenaean Greece:  The Linear B Tablets from Pylos and Knossos," Routledge, 2014, 380 pages, Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 2015.03.45. 

https://boudiccaa.weebly.com/
Boudicca:  Resistance to Roman Rule, Home page for Boudicca.weebly.com, moderated by Daniel Osman. See primary sources, videos, film about the Celtic Iceni warrior Queen who led major rebellion against occupying Roman forces, 60 CE.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=boudica&view=detail&mid=2047F4341290AA8D42F32047F4341290AA8D42F3&FORM=VIRE
1:30:26 documentary film, "Warrior Queen Boudica," Irish History Documentaries, published on You Tube, January 15, 2019.

https://aeon.co/videos/why-medusa-lives-on-mary-beard-on-the-persistent-legacy-of-ancient-greek-misogyny?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter
&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=december_drive_2019&utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=5b91b8bbfd-EMAIL_
CAMPAIGN_2019_12_08_11_35&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-5b91b8bbfd-68694909
5:00 Video. "Mary Beard:  Women and power," Aeon, Videos, December 8, 2019. Why Medusa lives on -- Mary Beard on the persistent legacy of ancient Greek misogyny. Note mention of Medusa in article below:

https://crimereads.com/the-evolution-of-the-femme-fatale-in-film-noir/
Halley Sutton, "The evolution of the femme fatale in film Noir," Crime Reads, December 5, 2019. Film Noir, according to Halley Sutton, has the best developed femme fatale characters, yet the Biblical Eve, Ishtar, the Sirens, Medusa, and Circe also qualify outside that art realm. Anywhere a hero, usually a man, needs a test or scapegoat, you'll find her.

https://notevenpast.org/confucian-patriarchy-and-the-allure-of-communism-in-china/
Alan Roberts, "Confucian Patriarchy and the Allure of Communism in China," Not Even Past, posted December 5, 2018.

https://www.learnreligions.com/first-generation-of-buddhas-disciples-449657
Barbara O'Brien, "The Historical Buddha's Disciples-The First Generation," Learn Religions, updated June 25, 2019. Note first female Buddhist nuns in early classical India.

https://newbooksnetwork.com/dr-alice-collett-lives-of-early-buddhist-nuns-biographies-as-history-oxford-up-2016/
Podcast interview. Alex Carroll, "Dr. Alice Collett, 'Lives of Early Buddhist Nuns:  Biographies as History,' (Oxford UP, 2016), New Books Network, January 16, 2020. Biographies of earliest Buddhist nuns revealed gender relations in early classical India.

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/homage-to-zenobia
Lawrence Wright, "Palmyra, from Zenobia to ISIS," The New Yorker, July 12, 2015. Zenobia, Palmyran Queen and Roman empire nemesis, came to power in 267/268 CE.

http://judithweingarten.blogspot.com/2010/07/woman-will-be-king.html
Judith Weingarten, "Zenobia:  Empress of the East:  A Woman Will Be King," Judith Weingarten blog, July 31, 2010. Boran, Sasanian Queen. Weingarten cited Professor Haleh Emrani (University of California, Los Angeles), "Like Father, Like Daughter:  Late Sasanian Imperial Ideology & the Rise of Boran to Power."

https://www.academia.edu/3428785/Like_Father_Like_Daughter_Late_Sasanian_Imperial_Ideology_and_the_Rise_of_B%C5%8Dr
%C4%81n_to_Power
Haleh Emrani, (PDF) Like Father, Like Daughter:  Late Sasanian Imperial Ideology & the Rise of Boran to Power," e-Sasanika 5, 2009, uploaded to Academia by Haleh Emrani. Boran, Sasanian Queen 628 CE.

https://www.academia.edu/4779235/THE_LAST_RULING_WOMAN
Mehrdad Mohammadi, "(PDF) The Last Ruling Woman of Eransahr:  Queen Azarmigduxt," uploaded to Academia by Mehrdad Mohammadi. Sasanian Queen 631-632 CE.

https://www.academia.edu/9202936/A_Study_of_the_Imagery_and_Place_of_Woman_in_Sasanian_period
Mohadese Malekan and Yaghoub Mohammadifar, "(PDF) A Study of the Imagery and Place of Woman in Sasanian period. Sigillographic Evidence," Sasanika Archaeology 14, 2013, uploaded to Academia by Yaghoub Mohammadifar.

https://www.academia.edu/40339523/Women_at_the_Arsacid_court_draft_
Irene Madreiter and Udo Hartmann, "Women at the Arsacid court (draft)," to be published in The Routledge Companion in Women and Monarchy in the Ancient Mediterranean. Arsacid court, 247 BCE, formed the Parthian empire in northeastern Iran and archenemies of Rome. Uploaded to Academia by Irene Madreiter.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztoUaJFEi8M&feature=youtu.be&utm_source=TED-Ed+Subscribers&utm_campaign=eb25386ce7-
2013_09_219_19_2013_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1aaccced48-eb25386ce7-49611245&mc_cid=eb25386ce7&mc_
eid=f1e9d32591
5:07 Video. Antara Raychaudhuri and Iseult Gillespie, "The legend of Annapurna, Hindu goddess of nourishment," Ted Ed, published on You Tube February 13, 2020. 

Race and Ethnicity in the Classical World

https://eidolon.pub/why-i-teach-about-race-and-ethnicity-in-the-classical-world-ade379722170
Rebecca Futo Kennedy, "Why I Teach About Race and Ethnicity in the Classical World," Eidolon, September 11, 2017. See Rebecca Futo Kennedy history on this topic: https://www.hackettpublishing.com/history/ancient-history/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-classical-world

http://www.baytagoodah.com/uploads/9/5/6/0/95600058/new-race-and-ethnicity-in-the-class-rebecca-f-kennedy-trans-c.pdf
"Race and Ethnicity in the Classical World-An Anthology of Primary Sources in Translation," Selected and Translated by Rebecca F. Kennedy, C. Sydnor Roy, and Max L. Goldman, Hackett Publishing, 2013.

https://www.academia.edu/6658533/Review_of_Race_and_Ethnicity_in_the_Classical_World
Book Review. Tristan Samuels, "Review of Race and Ethnicity in the Classical World," Rosetta 16, 2014, 60-65. Uploaded to Academia by Tristan Samuels. Review of Rebecca Futo Kennedy, et. al., eds., Race and Ethnicity in the Classical World. An Anthology of Primary Sources in Translation, Indiana:  Hackett Publishing, 2013, 405 pages.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=herodotus%27+race+and+ethnic+identity&view=detail&mid=CE42A5CEC9FF84FF411FCE42A5CE
C9FF84FF411F&FORM=VIRE
1:55:56 Video. "Race and Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean," The History of Ancient Greece Podcast, September 24, 2019. Interview with Dr. Rebecca Futo Kennedy, Denison University, Ohio, covering gender, race and identity in classical antiquity including effects on current growing white supremacist cultures.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/glory-of-ancient-india-stems-from-her-aryan-blood-french-anthropologists
-construct-the-racial-history-of-india-for-the-world/6C87D9F50B387BDFDBBC28D15567FC64/core-reader#top
Jyoti Mohan, "The Glory of Ancient India Stems from her Aryan Blood:  French anthropologists 'construct' the racial history of India for the world," Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 50, Issue 5, September 2016, published online by Cambridge University Press, March 26, 2016, 1576-1618.

https://www.hrichina.org/en/content/4573
Frank Dikotter, "Nationalist Myth-making:  The Construction of the Chinese Race," Human rights in China, HRIC, April 27, 2001. Han Chinese.

https://sarahemilybond.com/2017/09/10/hold-my-mead-a-bibliography-for-historians-hitting-back-at-white-supremacy/
Sarah Emily Bond, "Hold my Mead:  A Bibliography for historians hitting back at white supremacy," History from Below-Daily Life in the Ancient and Early Medieval Mediterranean website, September 10, 2017. See bibliography relating to classical antiquity race and ethnic identity and its use by a 21st century growing white supremacy.

https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2017/07/08/culture-and-nationhood-in-the-world-of-herodotus-an-evolutionary-analysis/
Guillaume Durocher, "Culture and Nationhood in the World of Herodotus:  An Evolutionary Analysis, Part I," The Occidental Observer, July 8, 2017.

https://martinaurelio.wordpress.com/2016/06/11/four-elements-of-identity/
Martin Aurelio, "The Four Elements of National Identity in Herodotus," Martin Aurelio blog, June 11, 2016. The Western identity comes from Herodotus' Histories, written in the 5th century BCE.

https://thefablesoup.wordpress.com/2017/01/08/medeas-didacticism/
Vidisha Khaitan, "Medea's Didacticism," O Captain! My Captain! online literature blog, January 8, 2017. Euripides' Medea, first performed in 431 BCE has Medea portraying gender and the Other role in Athenian society. The text was lost and rediscovered in 1st Century CE Rome and adapted by many Roman dramatists.

http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/greekmyth.html
John Shea, "The Myth of Greek Ethnic 'Purity,'" History of Macedonia, 1997, 77-96.

https://www.amren.com/news/2016/10/what-race-were-the-ancient-greeks-and-romans/
Jon Harrison Sims, "What Race Were the Greeks and Romans?" American Renaissance, October 2010.

https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~wstevens/history331texts/barbarians.html
"Tacitus' Germania, W. Stevens, History 331, Richmond University, no date.

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/02/ancient-text-has-long-and-dangerous-reach/
Emily T. Simon, "Ancient text has long and dangerous reach," Harvard Gazette, February 21, 2008. Tacitus' Germania used by Nazi propagandists in 20th century.

https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0020481/00001/1j
Brenda Marina Fields, "Sallust's Bellum Jugurthinum:  Reading Jugurtha as the Other," MA thesis, University of Florida, 2007.

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.07.26.html
Book review. James E. G. Zetzel, "Renato Oniga, Sallustio e l'etnografia. Biblioteca di Materiali e discussion per I'analisi dei testi classici 12. Pisa:  Giardini editori, 1995, Pp. 147," Byrn Mawr Classical Review. Ancient ethnography of north Africa by Sallust, Bellum Jugurthinum 17-19.

https://core.ac.uk/display/6116816
James Thomas Chlup, "Beyond the Foreigner:  representations of non-Roman individuals and communities in Latin historiography, from Sallust to Ammianus Marcellinus," PhD Thesis, Durham University E-Theses, 2004. Click on red tab "Get PDF (13 MB)" tab to see thesis paper.

Collapse of Classical Civilizations

Overview

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/classical-states-and-empires/v/the-fall-of-empires
4:57 Video. "Comparison:  Fall of empires," Khan Academy. Brief comparison of collapse of Achaemenid Persia, Mauryan, Han, and Roman Kingdom, Republic, and Empire.

Middle East

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=collapse+of+the+achaemenid+empire&view=detail&mid=9F1842F155E758327C799F1842F155
E758327C79&FORM=VIRE
49:37 Video documentary. "Fall of Great Empires-Alexander the Great and the Fall of the Persian Empire," Imperium, published on You Tube, January 6, 2017.

https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/seleucid-empire-0012599
Wu Mingren, "The Rise and Demise of the Seleucid Empire," Ancient Origins, September 19, 2019. Seleucid Empire reigned from 4th century to 1st century BCE stretching from Thrace in the West to the borders of India.

https://ancientworldpodcast.blogspot.com/2019/12/episode-t13-eunus.html
"The Ancient World blog," Disintegration of the Seleucid Empire podcasts, December 2019.

Mauryan and Gupta Decline/Collapse

http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/gupta-empire/causes-of-the-downfall-of-the-gupta-empire-indian-history/6513
"Causes of the Downfall of the Gupta Empire," Indian History, History Discussion.net, posted by S. Geetha.

http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/maurya-empire/causes-of-the-downfall-of-the-maurya-empire-indian-history/6501
"Causes of the Downfall of the Maurya Empire," Indian History, History Discussion.net, posted by S. Geetha.

http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/5-major-causes-of-the-downfall-of-the-maurya-empire-explained/2431
"5 Major Causes of the Downfall of the Maurya Empire-Explained!" History Discussion.net.

https://globalprogect.weebly.com/declinecollapse.html
"Decline/Collapse-The Maurya and Gupta Empires," Global Project.weebly. Slim description from this student weebly website which shows Mauryan and Gupta politics, economics, social history in more slim sections.

China

https://www.thoughtco.com/why-did-han-china-collapse-195115
Kallie Szczepanski, "How Did China's Han Dynasty Collapse?" Thoughtco, updated June 25, 2019. Han Dynasty, 206 BCE- 221 CE collapse summarized.

Greeks

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/09/03/classical-greece-was-incredibly-innovative-politically-speaking
-why-did-it-rise-and-then-fall/
Henry Farrell, "Classical Greece was incredibly politically innovative. Why did it rise--and then fail?" The Washington Post, September 3, 2015. Interview with historian Josiah Ober about his book, "The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece." See especially comments by Dr. Ober as to collapse of the Greek City States.

https://greece.mrdonn.org/fall.html
The Decline and Fall of Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece for Kids, Mr. Donn website for elementary, middle and high school students. See other resources available within this site.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SzoEAOmLng
11:06 Video. "Why did Sparta Collapse?" Knowledgia, published on You Tube, October 6, 2019.

Rome

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=rome+and+egypt&&view=detail&mid=8C52AB7459921DCC31FC8C52AB7459921D
CC31FC&&FORM=VDRVRV
12:43 Video. "Fall of the Roman Empire," Crash Course World History #12, published on You Tube, April 13, 2012.

https://www.academia.edu/34594873/2017._The_Visigoths_and_the_End_of_the_Roman_Empire_in_the_West_Ancient_History_
Magazine_11_
Joroen Wijnendaele, "The End of the Roman Empire in the West--Attack of the Visigoths," Ancient History Magazine, 11, 2017, 24-30. Uploaded to Academia by Joroen Wijnendaele. Note more papers, articles on the Fall of Rome to the right of this page.

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fall-roman-republic-income-inequality-and-xenophobia-threatened-its-foundations-180967249/
Lorraine Boissoneault, "Before the Fall of the Roman Republic, Income Inequality and Xenophobia Threatened Its Foundations," Smithsonian, November 16, 2017. Book by history podcaster Mike Duncan described what preceded Caesar's rise to Emperor. Duncan's podcast is "The History of Rome and Revolutions."

https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-history-of-rome/id261654474
[Note last podcast was 2017]

https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/gibbon-the-history-of-the-decline-and-fall-of-the-roman-empire-vol-8
Edward Gibbon, "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 8," Online Library of Liberty. Volume 8 from 1776 Gibbon history.

https://scarab.bates.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1161&context=honorstheses
Nicholas Vladimir Strunc, "What Role Did the Sassanid Empire Truly Play in the Fall of the Western Roman Empire?  Exploring Divergences in Causal Frameworks," Honors Thesis 145, Open Access, Bates College, SCARAB, 2015, 85 pages.

http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/fallrome.html
"The Fall of the Roman Empire-Some (Sometimes Silly) Explanations," Strategy and Tactics Magazine #39, 1973, p. 21, original version by Albert A. Nofi designer of "Imperium Romanum."

https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/10/30/16568716/six-ways-climate-change-disease-toppled-roman-empire
Kyle Harper, "6 Ways climate change and disease helped topple the Roman Empire," Vox.com, updated November 4, 2017.

Journals 

https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=journal&journal_code=SI
Studia Iranica, Peeters Online Journals. See Classical Antiquity Persian, Middle East, central Asian online resources.

https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?journal_code=AS&url=journal
Ancient Society Journal, Peeters, Katholieke University, Leuven, Belgium.

http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/classjour
Mouseion - Classical Views - Echos du Monde Classique, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada, Digital Archives Initiative, Department of Classics.

https://classicalstudies.org/world-classics/online-journals
Online Journals, Society for Classical Studies. Many Classical journals that have a substantial on-line presence.

http://casa-kvsa.org.za/acta_classica.htm
Acta Classica-CASA Journal. Journal of the Classical Association of South Africa. See especially Article Index and other Index to left of this page. http://casa-kvsa.org.za/articles.htm

https://libguides.lib.msu.edu/c.php?g=95823&p=624725
Online Journals-Classical Studies, Library and Research Guides at Michigan State University Libraries. See online Classical history journals.

https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne.htm
Dialogues d'histoire ancienne Journal. French ancient history journal.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/greece-and-rome
"Greece & Rome," Cambridge Core, Journal published for The Classical Association. Journal delivering scholarly research to a wider audience about ancient history, literature, art, archaeology, religion, philosophy, and reception of the ancient world. See other Classical Association Journals: https://classicalassociation.org/publications.html

https://www.jstor.org/journal/classworl
of the Greek and Roman world.  https://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/classical-world-quarterly-journal-antiquity

http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/index.html
Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Timely, open-access, peer-reviewed reviews of current scholarly work in the field of classical studies (including archaeology).

https://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/arethusa
Arethusa Journal. Literary and Cultural Studies, edited by Martha Malamud, University at Buffalo (The State University of New York).

https://www.jstor.org/journal/jromanstudies?refreqid=excelsior%3Aa02e07a50547fffe8c6471bc0d6f3f81
The Journal of Roman Studies, JSTOR.

https://publishing.classics.fas.harvard.edu/hscp-0
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology.

https://www.hs.ias.edu/bowersock/biblio
See many Classical world history Journals, magazines in "Glen W. Bowersock-Bibliography," School of Historical Studies, 1960-2019.

https://www.ancientmilitaryhistorians.org/uploads/4/5/7/0/45704749/res_militares_vol_11.1.pdf
Res Militares, official newsletter of the Society of Ancient Military History, Vol. 11, Issue 1, June 2011. 

https://www.academia.edu/40084061/Res_Militares_2019
(PDF) Res Militares 2019, Society of Ancient Military Historians, Academia.

https://www.gorgiaspress.com/american-journal-of-ancient-history-ajah
American Journal of Ancient History, Gorgias Press.

http://lockwoodonlinejournals.com/index.php/pala
Palamedes:  A Journal of Ancient History, Lockwood online journals. Greek and Roman antiquity philology, archaeology, jurists, epigraphist historians can meet with their Orientalist and Egyptological counterparts.

The Classical World's influence on Subsequent Societies

https://www.academia.edu/41642922/Cyrus_and_The_U.S._Executive_Branch
Cyrus Kar, "Cyrus the Great and The US Executive Branch," January 10, 2020, uploaded to Academia by Cyrus Kar. 12 page 'essay' as to Persian influence on US constitution.

https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php?id=19565
Michael McCarty, "The Historical Roots of Chinese Communist Propaganda," The Pulse Undergraduate Journal of Baylor University, Vol. 3, no. 1. Note references to classical Chinese dynasties.

https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/ober/090703.pdf
Josiah Ober, "What the Ancient Greeks Can Tell Us About Democracy," Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, September 2007.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330311690_HELLENISM_IN_ISLAM_The_Influence_of_Greek_in_Islamic_Scientific_Tradition
Ahmad Khoirul Fata and Pepen Irpan Fauzan, "(PDF) Hellenism in Islam:  The Influence of Greek in Islamic Scientific Tradition," 408 Episteme, Vol. 13, no. 2, December 2018, seen in ResearchGate.

https://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/bitstream/10442/8675/1/Kitrom_History%20of%20European%20Ideas.pdf
Paschalis M. Kitromilidesa, "The Enlightenment and the Greek cultural tradition," Institute for Neohellenic Research/National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece, July 3, 2009. Sixteen-page pdf.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-world-history/ap-ancient-medieval/ap-empire-of-alexander-the-great/a/the-rise-of-hellenism
"Hellenism's Influence," Khan Academy, Humanities and AP World History.

https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/books/chapters/a-war-like-no-other.html
Victor Hanson, "'A War Like No Other,'" The New York Times, October 23, 2005. Why Sparta fought Athens, 480-431 BCE, and influence on our modern world, especially the United States.

https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/stoics-influenced-christianity/
Daniel N. Robinson, "How Stoicism Influenced Christianity," The Great Courses Daily, December 14, 2016.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/biblical-literature/Persian-and-Hellenistic-influences
"Biblical Literature-Persian and Hellenistic Influences," Britannica, no date. See topics for other influences on the left side of this page. Note Persian and Hellenistic influences on Jewish and Christian Apocrypha.

https://blog.oup.com/2020/02/how-roman-skeptics-shaped-debates-about-god/?utm_source=feedblitz&utm_medium=FeedBlitz
Rss&utm_campaign=oupblog
John A. Jillions, "How Roman skeptics shaped debates about God," Oxford University Publishing blog, February 23, 2020. Jillions, author of Divine Guidance:  Lessons for Today from the World of Early Christianity, 2020, highlighted Roman philosophers who questioned religion in this slim article. See information on Divine Guidance: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/divine-guidance-9780190055738?cc=us&lang=en&

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/traces-ancient-rome-modern-world/
"Traces of Ancient Rome in the Modern World," National Geographic Society, July 6, 2018. Slim article summarizing Rome's impact on art and architecture in our modern world.

https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_DHA_411_0229--modernist-concerns-and-greek-and-latin.htm
Pierre Jamet, "Modernist Concerns and Greek and Latin Culture:  Thomas S. Eliot's Mythical Method in Thomas C. Wolfe's Novels," Cairn.info, in Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, 2015, Vol. 41, no. 1, 229-244.

https://www.academia.edu/41794802/Who_Is_Nietzsches_Archilochus_Rhythm_and_the_Problem_of_the_Subject?email_work_card=title
Babette Babich, "Who Is Nietzsche's Archilochus? Rhythm and the Problem of the Subject," Chapter 4 in Charles Bambach and Theodore George, eds., Philosophers and Their Poets, Albany:  State University of New York Press, 2019, 85-114. Nietzsche and his writing style which used classical Greek poets such as Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Aeschylus and Sophocles. See resource on Archilochus, below:

https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/4914.part-i-greece-3-archilochus-sacred-obscenity-and-judgment
"Part 1. Greece. 3. Archilochus:  Sacred Obscenity and Judgement," in Todd M. Compton, Victim of the Muses:  Poet as Scapegoat, Warrior and Hero in Greco-Roman and Indo-European Myth and History, Chapter 3, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Resource described Archilochus.

https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/article/march-2020-urdu-feminist-writing-sapphos-ephemera-miraji-geeta-patel
Miraji, "Sappho's Ephemera," Words Without Borders, March 2020. Urdu modernist poet, Miraji (1912-1949), celebrated Greek poet Sappho (625-570 BCE) and blended his lyric voice with hers in the essay excerpted here.

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/04/violence-revenge-ancient-greeks-rule-stage
Natalie Haynes, "Violence, destiny and revenge:  why ancient Greeks still rule the stage," The Guardian, Stage Opinion, May 4, 2014. Slim comments on dramas of Euripides, Sophocles, 5th century BCE Athens.

https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2020/01/29/a-timon-for-our-time/
Geoffrey O'Brien, "A Timon for Our Time," NY Review of Books, January 29, 2020. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens set in modern times. See entire play: http://shakespeare.mit.edu/timon/full.html

https://www.academia.edu/1612365/_Go_tell_the_Prussians..._The_Spartan_paradigm_in_Prussian_military_thought_during_
the_long_nineteenth_century
Helen Roche, "'Go, tell the Prussians...':  The Spartan paradigm in Prussian military thought during the long nineteenth century," New Voices in Classical Reception Studies," e-journal, Issue 7, 2012, 25-39, uploaded to Academia by Helen Roche.

https://www.academia.edu/35634339/Sparta_and_Nazi_Germany_in_mid-20th-century_British_liberal_and_left-wing_thought_2010_
Stephen Hodkinson, "Sparta and Nazi Germany in mid-20th-century British liberal and left-wing thought," in A. Powell & S. Hodkinson (eds.), Sparta:  The Body Politic, Swansea, (The Classical Press of Wales), 2010.

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/02/ancient-text-has-long-and-dangerous-reach/
Emily T. Simon, "Ancient text has long and dangerous reach," Harvard Gazette, February 21, 2008. Tacitus' Germania used by Nazi propagandists in 20th century.

https://review.gale.com/2018/04/12/nazi-germany-ancient-rome-the-appropriation-of-classical-culture-for-the-formulation-of-national-identity/
Paula Maher Martin, "Nazi Germany, Ancient Rome:  The appropriation of classical culture for the formulation of national identity," The Gale Review, April 12, 2018.

https://sarahemilybond.com/2017/09/10/hold-my-mead-a-bibliography-for-historians-hitting-back-at-white-supremacy/
Sarah Emily Bond, "Hold my Mead:  A Bibliography for historians hitting back at white supremacy," History from Below-Daily Life in the Ancient and Early Medieval Mediterranean website, September 10, 2017. See bibliography relating to classical antiquity race and ethnic identity and its use by a 21st century growing white supremacy.

http://www.origins.osu.edu/article/beware-greeks-bearing-gifts-how-neo-nazis-and-ancient-greeks-met-charlottesville
Denise Eileen McCoskey, "Beware of Greeks Bearing Gifts:  How Neo-Nazis and Ancient Greeks Met in Charlottesville," Origins:  Current Events in Historical Perspective, Ohio State University, Vol. 11, Issue 11, August 30, 2018.

https://hyperallergic.com/457510/the-misuse-of-an-ancient-roman-acronym-by-white-nationalist-groups/
Sarah E. Bond, "The Misuse of an Ancient Roman Acronym by White Nationalist Groups," Hyperallergic, August 30, 2018. SPRQ Roman acronym been used by right groups in our modern era.

https://undark.org/2019/05/27/hate-groups-love-ancient-greece-and-rome-and-scholars-are-pushing-back/
Jen Pinkowski, "Hate Groups Love Ancient Greece and Rome. Scholars Are Pushing Back," Undark, May 27, 2019. Note reference to scholar Sarah E. Bond, article above, as leading critic of white nationalist hate groups using classical Greek and Roman motifs, symbols, and language.

https://golden-dawn-international-newsroom.blogspot.com/p/the-program-of-golden-dawn.html
Golden Dawn--International Newsroom, The Program, 2013. Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn political, economic and social program for a new nationalist Greece. See especially, "National education" and history books rewritten to teach classical Greek history.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=herodotus%27+race+and+ethnic+identity&view=detail&mid=CE42A5CEC9FF84FF41
1FCE42A5CEC9FF84FF411F&FORM=VIRE
1:55:56 Video. "Race and Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean," The History of Ancient Greece Podcast, September 24, 2019. Interview with Dr. Rebecca Futo Kennedy, Denison University, Ohio, covering gender, race and identity in classical antiquity including effects on current growing white supremacist cultures.

http://dspace.univ-tlemcen.dz/bitstream/112/8030/1/abdelghani%20-chami.pdf
Abdelghani Chami, "The Influence of the Greek Mythology over the Modern Western Society," Paper (63 pp.) in partial fulfillment for MA in Civilization and Literature, University of Tlemcen, Algeria, English Department, 2014-15 Academic Year.

https://classicalstudies.org/scs-blog/nina-papathanasopoulou/blog-black-classicisms-visual-arts
Nina Papathanasopoulou, "Blog:  Black Classicisms in the Visual Arts," Society for Classical Studies, January 23, 2020.

https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1986/10/09/why-read-the-classics/?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NYR%20Shakespeares
%20Timon&utm_content=NYR%20Shakespeares%20Timon+CID_290c59d112a10ae1fdcdc6d05a879cd7&utm_source=Newsletter
&utm_term=Why%20Read%20the%20Classics
Italo Calvino, "Why Read the Classics?" The New York Review of Books, October 9, 1986. Note references to Greek and Roman classical literature.

https://www.stenudd.com/aristotle/aristotle-poetics.htm
Stefan Stenudd, "Aristotle Poetics--The Classic on Drama Theory Explained," Stenudd blog, 2001, 2006. Stenudd explained Aristotle's Poetics and their classical rules which dominated Western drama, poetry, art, literature for centuries. Note at bottom of this article more resources on Classical Greek philosophers.

https://harvardmagazine.com/2014/12/classics-studies-and-todays-middle-east
Andrew S. Gilmour, "Classics Studies and Today's Middle East," Harvard Magazine, December 16, 2014. Slim article summarizing how classical studies can provide models for the modern Middle East.

https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/rhetorical-questions-on-long-live-latin-the-pleasures-of-a-useless-language/?utm_source=Los+
Angeles+Review+of+Books+Subscribers&utm_campaign=c3cc5f90fd-02%2F16+Newsletter_COPY_01&utm_medium=email
&utm_term=0_06979e2d46-c3cc5f90fd-346168525&mc_cid=c3cc5f90fd&mc_eid=e7469485ff
Will Boast, "Rhetorical Questions on long live Latin and the evolution of style," LA Review of Books, March 10, 2020. The 'pleasures of a useless language.' 

https://exhibits.stanford.edu/american-enlightenment/feature/the-rediscovery-of-classical-antiquity
"The Rediscovery of Classical Antiquity," The American Enlightenment, Exhibit, Spotlight at Stanford University Libraries. Slim article about Roman Empire's influence on Europe and America.

https://aeon.co/ideas/when-philosophy-needed-muslims-jews-and-christians-alike
Peter Adamson, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Philosophy, "When philosophy needed Muslims, Jews and Christians alike," Aeon, April 21, 2017. Tenth century Baghdad philosopher's debt to Hellenic and Greek classical thought. Peter Adamson is moderator, editor of History of Philosophy without any gaps podcast.  

See that website here and note "Classical" and "Late Antiquity tabs at top of page for many more Classical world resources: https://historyofphilosophy.net/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-recover-early-copy-19th-century-gay-rights-essay-180973895/
Katherine J. Wu, "Researchers Recover an Early Copy of a 19th-Century Gay Rights Essay," Smart News, Smithsonian Magazine, January 3, 2020. John Addington Symonds 1873 Essay, "A Problem in Greek Ethics," noted the Greek liberal sexuality which set the stage for the Gay Rights movement.

https://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/catholic-church-dechristianizes-world-homosexuality-gay/
Rod Dreher, "The Church That De-Christianizes The World," The American Conservative, September 6, 2018. Male homosexuality was common and culturally accepted in the Greco-Roman World. Note Catholic intellectual Benjamin Wiker's view on modern Church's abuse scandal roots in Greco-Roman culture.

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/lessons-decline-democracy-from-ruined-roman-republic-180970711/
Jason Daley, "Lessons for Decline of Democracy from the Ruined Roman Republic," Smithsonian, November 6, 2018. Daley claimed that 'violent rhetoric and disregard for political norms was beginning of Rome's end' which should be noted in the current US culture.

https://aeon.co/ideas/marcus-aurelius-helped-me-survive-grief-and-rebuild-my-life?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign
=a192a9797f-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_02_26_10_20&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-a192a9797f-68694909
Jamie Lombardi, "Marcus Aurelius helped me survive grief and rebuild my life," Aeon, Ideas, February 26, 2020.

Travel Writing and the Classical world

http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=2523
"The Periplus of Hanno the Navigator," Jerry Norman's From Cave Paintings to the Internet website, History of Information, seen March 12, 2013. Carthaginian sailor and explorer Hanno of Carthage sailed the coast of West Africa around 500 BCE.

http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html
Lance Jenott, "The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea," Washington State University, 2004 Silk Road Seattle. Early guide book written by a Greek speaking Egyptian merchant (50 CE). See map of trade routes and monsoon patterns discussed in the Periplus. This travel guide is from a translation by William H. Schoff, 1912. For full commentary see Lionel Casson, "The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translations, and Commentary, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989.

See ancient maps: http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/mapas_antiguos/ancient_webpage/maps_list.htm

http://books.google.com/books/about/Travel_in_the_Ancient_World.html?id=26VwGWEd2vsC
(Google Book) Lionel Casson, "Travel in the Ancient World," Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. See many chapters of Dr. Casson's classic which includes travel narratives as evidence.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/IHSP-travelers.html
Paul Halsall's excellent primary sources on ancient travelers and travel narratives. Fordham Library.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/IHSP-travelers.html#Ancient
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/global/globalsbook.asp#General
Paul Halsall, "United World Systems," Internet Global History Sourcebook, Fordham University. See sources, links, to many letters, travel accounts from earliest times to the present focusing on World Systems theory, i.e., trade, war, religion, migration, empire, art and music.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/xenophon-anabasis.asp
"Ancient History Sourcebook: Xenophon: Anabasis, or March Up Country," Fordham Library, Paul Halsall curator. Xenophon (431-355 BCE), a student of Socrates, writes a narrative about his travels with Persian Prince Cyrus the Younger's expedition against his brother King Artaxerxes II and Cyrus' Greek troops travels through Asia Minor and back home to Greece. See all seven books in this site. More on Xenophon from onread.com:
http://www.onread.com/writer/Xenophon-6312/

http://www.silk-road.com/artl/buddhism.shtml
"Buddhism Spreads East," Silk Road Foundation. Note travel writers and narratives mentioned in this essay.

http://bhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu/
Dr. Brian Hoffert home page.

Greek Accounts

The Greeks who accompanied Alexander the Great in his Indian campaign recorded their encounters of this mystical, magical land. Although much of these works are now lost, the details have percolated into subsequent Greek literature. Special reference is to be made of the Indica by Megasthenes who lived in the court of Chandragupta Maurya, of Periplus of the Erythrean Sea by an unknown businessman (second half of 1st century A.D) and The Geography of India by Ptolemy (about 130 A.D.)

Chinese Accounts

After the spread of Buddhism, Chinese travelers came to India in big numbers to collect religious books and to visit the holy places of Buddhism. Works of Fa-Hien (5th century A.D., see Crossing of Indus), Huen-Tsang (7th century A.D.) and I-Tsing (7th century A.D.) are important historical accounts.

http://www.amazon.com/Inscribed-Landscapes-Travel-Writing-Imperial/dp/0520085809
Richard E. Strassberg, "Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writing From Imperial China," 1994. Strassberg has published an anthology of Chinese travelers' impressions of China from first century AD-19th century CE. Note differences in travel accounts (yu-chi) and later the travel diary (jih-chi).

http://books.google.com/books/about/Empires_of_the_Indus_The_Story_of_a_Rive.html?id=zqz3bnuX7LsC
(Google EBook) Alice Albina, "Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River," W.W. Norton, 2010. Alice Albina, travel writer, writes a history of Pakistan.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/opinion/cultural-immersion-with-alice-albina/2164/
Jessica Crispin, "Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River," by Alice Albina, 2010 review, PBS, need to know, July 12, 2010. Ms. Crispin lauds Alice Albina patient travel writing as history saying that unlike "Anthony Bourdain who leaps from one place to another, eating his way through city after city," Albina spends time in the region she is researching.

http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/fa-hien.htm
"History of India-Memoirs of Fa-Hein," Kamat's potpourri, April 25, 2001. Chinese scholar Fa-Hein's primary source travel accounts from 399-414 CE of India. See also "India Through Foreign Eyes," Kamat's potpourri, last updated 1/11/2013.

http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/foreign-accounts.htm
Kamat's potpourri gives primary source accounts from Fa Hien, William Jones, Col. William H. Sleeman, Pietro Della Valle, Persian Muslim Alberuni, and Hiun-Tsing. http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/foreign-accounts.htm

http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/151359/1/aak_11_1.pdf
Takuji ABE, "The Two Orients for Greek Writers," The Kyoto Journal of Ancient Writers, Vol. 11 (2011). Scylax, Herodotus and Hecataeus works described in this 14-pp. pdf. See Notes and Cited Literature.

http://digital.library.villanova.edu/Rambles%2C%20Travels%2C%20and%20Maps/
"Rambles, Travels, and Maps," Villanova Digital Library seen in Falvey Memorial Library. Note Travels of Anacharsis the Younger included in Jean Jacques Barthelemy's imaginary travel journal. Barthelemy, a highly esteemed classical scholar and Jesuit, published The Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece, initially in French in seven physical volumes. See, also, google e-book, Vol 3 at http://books.google.com/books/about/Travels_of_Anacharsis_the_Younger_in_Gre.html?id=0AUMAAAAYAAJ

http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Philhellenism
"Philhellenism," wiki.phantis.com. Note reference to Jean Jacques Barthelemy's fantastic The Travels of Anacharsis (a shadowy Scythian philosopher) published in France in 1788 which spurred philhellenism (love of Greek culture) in France and is one of the first historical novels. Anacharsis traveled from Scythia to Greece in 6th century BCE and was known as a forthright and outspoken "barbarian." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacharsis

http://www.losttrails.com/pages/Hproject/Epirus/Ambracia/Ambracia.html
"Herodotus Project," Lost Trails website. Herodotus (485-425 BCE) left travel narratives in the fifth century BCE. Herodotus devoted his life to explaining the success of the Persian Empire in "The Histories." Historia in Greek means "inquiry" or investigations. Herodotus completed his travel narratives around 431 BCE.

http://www.losttrails.com/pages/Tales/Inquiries/Herodotus.html
Herodotus, "Inquiries, Books 1-9," translated by Shlomo Felberbaum, Lost Trails website.

http://www.nndb.com/people/541/000107220/
"Polybius," NNDB website history of Greek statesman (200-118 BCE) sent to Rome as hostage from Macedonia. After receiving his freedom Polybius stayed in Rome traveling to Spain and Carthage. His one surviving book, The Rise of the Roman Empire, details his travels but focuses on how Rome acquired its empire. Polybius believed that the historian must do on-site research stating, "I have personally explored the country (Hannibal's Alps) and have crossed the Alps myself to obtain first-hand information and evidence." (Hansen and Curtis, Voyages, Wadsworth/Cengage, 2010, p. 180.)

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/travel.htm
Marie Parson, "Egypt: A Brief History of Early Travels to Egypt, A Feature Tour Egypt Story," Part I, II, III, Tour Egypt site. Parson begins her brief history of travelers to Egypt with Herodotus (450-440 BCE), Diodorus (60-56 BCE), Strabo (25-19 BCE) and moves on to note others.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/129903374/Megasthenes-Indika
J. W. McCrindle, "Megasthenes-Indika," Project South Asia (note original footnotes not included) seen in Scribd.com. Greek ambassador Megasthenes (302 BCE) sent to Mauryan court at Pataliputra by Seleucus where he stayed for 14 years producing a travel narrative, Indika.

http://www.jatland.com/home/Jat_clans_as_described_by_Megasthenes
Laxman Burdak, "Jat clans as described by Megasthenes," Jatland.com, last updated June 27, 2012. See more on northern India/Pakistan Jat clans: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat

http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/gallery/photos/6.html
"The Story of India," PBS. Ashoka (268-232 BCE) as travel writer via stone pillars. See resources tab which include Travel writing and guide books: http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/resources/books/#guide

http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html
Ven. S. Dhammika, "The Edicts of King Ashoka," 1993. Seen in Colorado State website. The edicts as travel narrative and propaganda.

http://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false
John S. Strong, "The Legend of King Ashoka: A Study and translation of the Asokavadana," Delhi 2002, 2008. Published Princeton University Press, 1983. Books.google.com. See more on Ashoka: http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/mar/16/ashoka-india-emperor-charles-allen-review

http://archive.archaeology.org/online/reviews/qin/index.html
Lawrence R. Sullivan, "China's First Emperor," Archaeology-Archaeology Institute of America, January 23, 2006. Review of Discovery Channel's television program, "The First Emperor: The Man who made China." One could use Valerie Hansen and Ken Curtis, "Voyages in World History," Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010, pp.60-62 and pp. 88-90 to draw comparisons between Ashoka's and Shi Huangdi's stone tablets/pillars as travel narrative/propaganda and also see colorful maps of their "travels" on those pages. 

http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/texts.html
"Silk Road Narratives: A Collection of History Texts," University of Washington Silk Road Project, Project Director Dr. Daniel C. Waugh. Travel accounts by Silk Road travelers from 91 BCE-1670's CE.

http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/6160_6586.pdf
Kenneth D. Litwak (Azusa Pacific University) review of James A. Metzger, "Consumption and Wealth in Luke's Travel Narrative," Biblical Interpretation 88, Leiden: Brill, 2007.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/story/
"From Jesus to Christ: The Storytellers," PBS documentary as to Christ and the movement of his ideas. Paul of Tarsus born in Tarsus (now modern Turkey) was one of the early "message carriers."

http://people.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html
J. Vanderspoel, "Jordanes," trans. by Charles C. Mierow, Department of Greek, Latin and Ancient History, University of Calgary, last modified April 22, 1997.

http://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Cassiodorus_Jordanes_and_the_History_of.html?hl=tr&id=AcLDHOqOt4cC
(Google EBook) Arne Soby Christinsen, "Jordanes: The Origin and Deeds of the Goths," Museum Tusculanum Press, 2002.

http://100falcons.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/a-real-letter-from-a-roman-soldier/
"A Real Letter From a Roman Soldier," Great Names in History blog, posted November 25, 2009. Young Egyptian recruited in Alexandria, Egypt into Roman army, survives storm as he is shipped to Italy and writes travel letter to family in small town in Egypt seen in James Henry Breasted, Ancient Times: A History of the Early World, Ginn and Company, 1944, p. 708. Note same blog (April 20, 2008) with pictures and information on Roman Travel along Roman roads: http://100falcons.wordpress.com/2008/04/20/roman-travel/

http://www.amazon.com/Travel-Narratives-Rabbinic-Literature-Imaginary/dp/0773437932
Tziona Grossmark, Travel Narratives in Rabbinic Literature: Voyages to Imaginary Realms," 2010. An anthology of 21 Traveler's Tales examining the Talmudic tales as an inter-cultural phenomenon based on oral traditions. Travelers would tell their audience-family, companions, friends-about the adventure along the trade routes. Voyage Literature comes in two types: 1. Voyage to an imaginary realm, nether world, paradise, bottom of the seas...a fantasy. 2. Tales woven from realistic details where the traveler is on horseback or aboard ship. Rabba bar Bar Hanna would exemplify this type of imaginary Voyage Literature. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12477-rabbah-bar-bar-hana

http://www.silk-road.com/artl/srtravelmain.shtml
Ancient Silk Road travel writers, Silk-Road.com.

Early Silent Films and the Classical World (A sampling)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_lUY7W8Ni4
:37 seconds, "Cupid and Psyche," Thomas Edison, 1897, published on You Tube, November 8, 2010.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=film+1903+jupiter%27s+thunderbolts&view=detail&mid=AC56433B32FD58166A49AC
56433B32FD58166A49&FORM=VIRE
3:49 "Film 1903 Jupiter's Thunderbolts," Georges Melies Film, published on Vimeo, April 18, 2018.

https://biblefilms.blogspot.com/2013/02/giuditta-e-oloferne-19061908.html
"Bible Films Blog:  Giuditta e Oloferne (1906/1908)," Bible Films Blog, February 18, 2013. A review of Italian film, Giuditta e Oloferne, with photo of opening scene. Story of Judith and General Holofernes, early Classical era history.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PhWK6JMmz8
1:10:57 Silent Film, "Spartacus (1913)," directed by Giovanni Enrico Vidali, published on You Tube, November 17, 2015. Other versions produced in 1909 and 1914.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHpvaIyqeVI
12:35 Silent Film, "Giulio Cesare (1909)," Italian, published on You Tube, July 24, 2015.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=caius+julius+caesar+silent+film+1914+you+tube&view=detail&mid=A42433990B58CD
7F3091A42433990B58CD7F3091&FORM=VIRE
3:06:41  Silent Film, "Caius Julius Caesar (1914)," Italian, English subtitles, published on You Tube, February 10, 2018.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=film+love+of+the+slaves+1910&view=detail&mid=FCDBF8B179641FAEF013FCDBF
8B179641FAEF013&FORM=VIRE
1:27:11 Video. "Cleopatra" (1912), published on You Tube March 9, 2012. American Helen Gardner produced and starred as Cleopatra in this silent film. See another link to that silent:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-dfOMR2Qgs

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=quo+vadis+film+1012&view=detail&mid=A22856478A82C1897D6BA22856478A82C
1897D6B&FORM=VIRE
1:42:38 Film. "Quo Vadis?" (1913), Enrico Guazzoni directed, Restored Italian silent film published on Internet Archive February 7, 2014.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=1914+pastrone%27s+cabiria+silent+film&view=detail&mid=EED8081628D346384D81
EED8081628D346384D81&FORM=VIRE
2:06:36 Film, "Cabiria (1914)," published on You Tube April 28, 2017. Of all the Italian silent Golden Age films, Cabiria best demonstrated to subsequent filmmakers how to make a successful full-length, visually crowded, narratively energetic film. Giovanni Pastrone wrote, produced and directed the film based on the 2nd Punic War, 218-202 BCE, Rome's 2nd confrontation with Carthage.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=film+video%2c+the+sign+of+the+cross%2c+1914&view=detail&mid=55CFD80D6411
33148D1355CFD80D641133148D13&FORM=VIRE
1:07:31 Film, "The Sign of the Cross," 1914 Silent Film with English subtitles, published on You Tube, May 8, 2016. Persecution of Christians in Imperial Rome.

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=1916+silent+film+%27attila%27+video&view=detail&mid=18F57FCF6C9D29DD82001
8F57FCF6C9D29DD8200&FORM=VIRE
1:24:46 Silent Film, "Jesus of Nazareth (1916)," published on You Tube, January 13, 2018.

https://www.cliomuse.com/pompeii-in-the-movies.html
"Pompeii in the movies," Cliomuse, no date. See especially description of 1913 and 1926 Italian Pompei films and 2:43 movie trailer, Sergio Leone 1959 film starring Steve Reeves, The Last Days of Pompeii.

The films above were seen in Jon Solomon, The Ancient World in the Cinema, Revised and Expanded Edition, New Haven and London:  Yale University Press, 2001. These silent films are from early French, Italian and American companies.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceUOBYg5YdA
8:55 Video, "Heliogabale, L'orgie romaine AKA Heliogabalus, A roman orgy (1917) (Eng. sub.)," eyefilm, published on You Tube March 7, 2020.

https://iranian.com/Arts/2000/August/Hollywood/index.html?site=archive
Darius Kadivar, "Persia? Ancient Persia's virtual absence in Hollywood," The Iranian, August 28, 2000.

John Maunu is Digital Resources Editor for World History Connected. He is also a consultant to the AP College Board-World History. He lives in Pinckney, Michigan. He can be contacted at maunu48@hotmail.com.